SIGNIFICANT HABITATS AND HABITAT
COMPLEXES
OF THE NEW YORK BIGHT WATERSHED
Upper
Wallkill River Valley
COMPLEX #29
List of Species of Special Emphasis
I. SITE NAME: Upper Wallkill River Valley
II. SITE LOCATION: The upper Wallkill River valley is located in northwestern New Jersey, east of the Kittatinny Mountains and west of the New York - New Jersey Highlands, about 75 kilometers (47 miles) northeast of New York City.
TOWNS: Wantage, Frankford, Lafayette, Sparta, Hardyston, Vernon Townships, NJ; Minisink, Warwick, NY
COUNTIES: Sussex, NJ; Orange, NY
STATES: New Jersey, New York
USGS 7.5 MIN QUADS: Franklin, NJ (41074-15), Newton East, NJ (41074-16), Hamburg, NJ (41074-25), Branchville, NJ (41074-26), Unionville, NY-NJ (41074-35)
USGS 30 x 60 MIN QUAD: Middletown, NY-NJ-PA (41074-A1)
III. BOUNDARY DESCRIPTION AND JUSTIFICATION: The northern boundary of the upper Wallkill River valley habitat complex is delimited by the northern boundary of the Wallkill River National Wildlife Refuge just north of the state line in Warwick and Minisink, New York. From this point, the boundaries of the habitat complex follow roads on either side of the Wallkill River southwest into New Jersey and down to Route 23. Upriver (south and west) of this point, the complex broadens to include the tributaries and most of the tributary watersheds within the valley west to the base of the Kittatinny Ridge, east to the Highlands, and south to the limit of the Wallkill River watershed. A small area of contiguous, similar habitat south of the watershed divide, in the headwaters of the Paulins Kill (Delaware River drainage), is also included. The uppermost Wallkill River valley between the Pimple Hills and the Sparta Mountains (part of the Highlands) forms the eastern boundary of the habitat complex; this valley is included as far south as Sparta Station. West of Sparta Station, a complex of calcareous wetlands at the headwaters of a tributary to the Paulins Kill is also included. Ridges that intersect part of this valley, including the Pimple Hills, Pochuck Mountain, and Hamburg Mountain, are not included in the habitat complex. The entire habitat complex boundary encloses the upper Wallkill River, its tributaries, and lowlands, including forested and emergent wetlands and adjacent grasslands, forests, and farmlands that are regionally important for migratory waterbirds and waterfowl, raptors, grassland birds, rare reptiles, and rare calcareous wetland, upland, and cave communities and plants. Similar calcareous communities occur in the southwestern portion of the valley extending to the Delaware River, but that part of the valley is beyond the geographic scope of this study.
IV. OWNERSHIP/PROTECTION/RECOGNITION: The Wallkill River National Wildlife Refuge, managed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, includes the upper reaches of the Wallkill River and adjacent wetlands and uplands at the northernmost part of this habitat complex. The Refuge has a proposed acquisition boundary of 3,035 hectares (7,500 acres), and nearly 1,155 hectares (2,855 acres) have been acquired to date. The area of the Refuge was identified as a focus area under the Atlantic Coast Joint Venture of the North American Waterfowl Management Plan. The plan recommends acquisition and protection of 3,035 hectares (7,500 acres) of wetlands in this area. This area was also identified as "crucial land" as part of a skylands greenway across the northern part of New Jersey by the Governor's Skylands Greenway Task Force. The New Jersey Natural Lands Trust owns several parcels within the watershed, including Crooked Swamp Caves Preserve and the Wallkill River Preserve. The Hamburg Mountain Wildlife Management Area, Stokes State Forest, and High Point State Park are directly adjacent to the habitat complex. The Appalachian Trail skirts the northern part of this complex; a buffer of land along the trail is owned by the New Jersey Division of Parks and Forests and the National Park Service, and the trail passes through the northern part of the Wallkill River National Wildlife Refuge. The Nature Conservancy owns and manages one preserve, Sussex Swamp, and has management agreements with several public and private landowners in the valley. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has designated the Wallkill River (Wallkill River National Wildlife Refuge) and Woodruff's Gap Fen as priority wetland sites under the federal Emergency Wetland Resources Act of 1986. Wetlands are regulated in New Jersey under the Freshwater Wetland Protection Act and Wetlands Act of 1970; these statutes are in addition to federal regulation under Section 10 of the Rivers and Harbors Act of 1899, Section 404 of the Clean Water Act of 1977, and various Executive Orders. The New Jersey State Natural Heritage Program recognizes several Priority Sites for Biodiversity within the upper Wallkill River complex. They are listed here with their biodiversity ranks: Sterling Hill (B2 - very high biodiversity significance), Monroe Big Springs (B2), Woodruffs Gap Fen (B2), Branchville (B3 - high biodiversity significance), Ogdensburg Fen (B3), Rudeville (B3), Crooked Swamp (B4 - moderate biodiversity significance), Franklin Mine (B4), Lake Grinnell Bog (B4), Ogdensburg Glades (B4), Papakating Creek (B4), Sparta Avenue Fen (B4), Sparta Station Site (B4), and Wallkill River Macrosite (B4).
V. GENERAL AREA DESCRIPTION: The upper Wallkill River valley habitat complex occurs in a rolling valley within the Appalachian Ridge and Valley physiographic province between the Kittatinny Ridge to the west and the New York - New Jersey Highlands (Highlands) to the east. This valley is part of the Great Valley, which extends from Canada to the southern United States (see physiographic setting chapter). Elevations within the complex range from about 120 meters (400 feet) to 200 meters (650 feet) above sea level. The valley is underlain by limestone, dolomites, and shales, while the Highlands are composed of metamorphic, crystalline rocks such as gneisses and schists, and the Kittatinny Ridge is composed of sandstones and conglomerates. This entire area was glaciated during the most recent (Wisconsin) glaciation, and the terminal moraine crosses the valley well south of the habitat area near the Delaware River. A recessional moraine crosses the valley just south of the habitat complex from Ogdensburg west to Culvers Gap. Glacial lake sediments, deposited as the glaciers retreated, underlie the major wetlands within the complex, including the Wallkill River bottomlands and the upper Wallkill River between the Highlands and Pimple Hills, Papakating Creek, Crooked Swamp, and Wildcat Brook.
These headwater wetlands are a mosaic of riverine habitat, ponds, emergent marshes and fens, scrub-shrub wetlands, and wooded swamp. National Wetlands Inventory data for the complex indicates that there are 3,890 hectares (9,600 acres) of wetlands in the habitat complex, or about 18% of the total area. Of these wetlands, the most common type is palustrine forested wetlands, followed by emergent marsh and scrub-shrub swamp.
Palustrine forests are generally dominated by red maple (Acer rubrum) with yellow birch (Betula lutea), ash (Fraxinus spp.), basswood (Tilia americana), tulip tree (Liriodendron tulipifera), and black gum (Nyssa sylvatica); understory shrubs include alder (Alnus spp.), willow (Salix spp.), buttonbush (Cephalanthus occidentalis), spicebush (Lindera benzoin), witch hazel (Hamamelis virginiana), skunk cabbage (Symplocarpus foetidus), and a variety of herbaceous species, ferns, sedges, and mosses. In floodplain forests, box elder (Acer negundo) and river birch (Betula nigra) may be dominant.
Emergent wetlands in the valley are typically robust emergent marshes characterized by invasive common reed (Phragmites australis), cattails (Typha spp.), spike-rushes (Eleocharis spp.), and sedges (Carex spp.). Much less common types of emergent/scrub-shrub wetland are the rich fens or calcareous fens occurring where harsh conditions created by calcareous groundwater seepage limit the species composition and size of plants (due to high cations and low nutrients), and keep the wetlands in an early successional stage. Dominant plants include tufted hairgrass (Deschampsia cespitosa), tussock sedge (Carex stricta), swamp birch (Betula pumila), shrubby cinquefoil (Potentilla fruticosa), willows (Salix serissima, S. discolor, S. gracilis), red maple, and poison sumac (Toxidendron vernix).
Upland forests are typically mixed-hardwood, dominated by sugar maple (Acer saccharum) with white, black, and red oak (Quercus alba, Q. velutina, and Q. rubra), white ash (Fraxinus americana), tulip tree, black birch (Betula lenta), yellow birch, red maple, basswood, beech (Fagus grandifolia), and hickories (Carya spp.); understory trees include hop hornbeam (Ostrya virginiana) and ironwood (Carpinus caroliniana), and shrubs include maple-leaved viburnum (Viburnum acerifolium), black haw (Viburnum prunifolium), spicebush, and beaked hazel (Corylus cornuta). On northern facing slopes there are small areas of hemlock-hardwood forest dominated by eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis), a variety of hardwood species, and a shaded understory with limited vegetation. In a few locations on calcareous slopes are dry, open, grassland and woodland areas classified as limestone glades by the New Jersey Natural Heritage Program. These grasslands include little bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium) and dropseed grasses (Sporobolus spp.), and various herbaceous species, interspersed with eastern red cedar (Juniperus virginiana) trees.
Much of the valley has been cleared for agriculture and, more recently, these areas are being converted to residential and commercial development. The farms are predominantly dairy farms or crop farms with corn and hay. Abandoned farms are now old-field or early-successional habitat. Gravel, clay, peat, and limestone mining have all occurred in the area, and still occur to a lesser extent.
VI. ECOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE/UNIQUENESS OF SITE: The mosaic of calcareous wetlands and uplands in the upper Wallkill River valley supports regionally significant populations of migrating and nesting waterfowl, nesting waterbirds and grassland birds, rare reptiles, rare calcareous communities and plant species, incorporating 137 species of special emphasis, and including the following federally and state-listed species. (Living resources and their habitats are dynamic; therefore, the ecological significance and species information presented here may not be complete or up-to-date. State and federal environmental agencies [see Appendix III for office contacts] should be consulted for additional information.)
Federal candidate
bog turtle (Clemmys muhlenbergii)
State-listed endangered
pied-billed grebe (Podilymbus podiceps)
Cooper's hawk (Accipiter cooperii)
red-shouldered hawk (Buteo lineatus)
northern harrier (Circus cyaneus)
upland sandpiper (Bartramia longicauda)
Lancaster flatsedge (Cyperus lancastriensis)
capillary beaked-rush (Rhynchospora capillacea)
Torrey's bulrush (Scirpus torreyi)
Virginia bunchflower (Melanthium virginicum)
side-oats gramma grass (Bouteloua curtipendula)
hemlock-parsley (Conioselinum chinense)
false boneset (Kuhnia eupatorioides)
stiff goldenrod (Solidago rigida)
larger Canadian St. John's-wort (Hypericum majus)
pale laurel (Kalmia polifolia)
grooved yellow flax (Linum sulcatum)
long-headed anemone (Anemone cylindrica)
early buttercup (Ranunculus fascicularis)
spreading globe flower (Trollius laxus ssp. laxus)
round-leaved serviceberry (Amelanchier sanguinea)
small bedstraw (Galium trifidum)
bog willow (Salix pedicellaris)
State-listed threatened
wood turtle (Clemmys insculpta)
great blue heron (Ardea herodias)
short-eared owl (Asio flammeus)
barred owl (Strix varia)
red-headed woodpecker (Melanerpes erythrocephalus)
cliff swallow (Hirundo pyrrhonota)
savannah sparrow (Passerculus sandwichensis)
grasshopper sparrow (Ammodramus savannarum)
vesper sparrow (Pooecetes gramineus)
bobolink (Dolichonyx oryzivorus)
The Wallkill River bottomlands (Wallkill National Wildlife Refuge) are one of the few remaining large areas of wetlands in northwestern New Jersey. Located between the migration corridors of the Hudson and Delaware Rivers, these wetlands attract large numbers of waterfowl during migration, including American black duck (Anas rubripes), mallard (Anas platyrhynchos), green-winged teal (Anas crecca), blue-winged teal (Anas discors), wood duck (Aix sponsa), Canada goose (Branta canadensis), common merganser (Mergus merganser), hooded merganser (Lophodytes cucullatus), ruddy duck (Oxyura jamaicensis), lesser scaup (Aythya affinis), ring-necked duck (Aythya collaris), gadwall (Anas strepera), and American wigeon (Anas americana). Nesting waterfowl include mallard, American black duck, green-winged teal, blue-winged teal, Canada goose, wood duck, hooded merganser, common merganser (Mergus merganser), and, possibly, ruddy duck (Oxyura jamaicensis). Similar waterfowl habitat occurs in the wetlands along Papakating Creek, Crooked Swamp, and, to a lesser extent, along some of the other tributaries in this complex. The emergent marshes support a diversity of marsh-nesting birds, notably pied-billed grebe, American bittern (Botaurus lentiginosus), least bittern (Ixobrychus exilis), common moorhen (Gallinula chloropus), sora (Porzana carolina), king rail (Rallus elegans), Virginia rail (Rallus limicola), and sedge wren (Cistothorus platensis). A large great blue heron heronry existed within the Wallkill River bottomlands, but the nesting trees were recently cut down. A few smaller heronries still occur within the habitat complex. The Refuge is converting a 202-hectare (500-acre) sod farm into a moist soil management area to benefit a variety of waterfowl and waterbirds. Shorebirds such as black-bellied plover (Pluvialis squatarola), lesser golden plover (Pluvialis dominica), and semipalmated plover (Charadrius semipalmatus) utilize the sod farm as a feeding and resting area during migration.
Nearly 150 species of birds that are probable or confirmed breeders have been recorded for the upper Wallkill River valley during the first two years of the state's Breeding Bird Atlas, including numerous species of Neotropical migrant landbirds. These species utilize the full variety of habitats available, such as forest interior, grassland, early successional forest, edge habitat, and wetlands. Examples of songbirds nesting in forest interior habitat include wood thrush (Hylocichla mustelina) and black-and-white warbler (Mniotilta varia), while those using grassland and early successional habitat include prairie warbler (Dendroica discolor) and whip-poor-will (Caprimulgus vociferus).
Game species found within the habitat complex include white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo), river otter (Lutra canadensis), beaver (Castor canadensis), mink (Mustela vison), muskrat (Ondatra zibethicus), raccoon (Procyon lotor), red fox (Vulpes vulpes), gray fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus), coyote (Canus latrans), cottontail rabbit (Sylvilagus floridanus), gray squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis), and ruffed grouse (Bonasa umbellus). Small mammals such as voles, shrews, and mice are common in the fields and early successional habitats, and form an important forage base for resident and migrating raptors. Bobcat (Lynx rufus) and black bear (Ursus americanus) have populations in the Highlands and Kittatinny Ridges and may occasionally utilize part of the habitat complex.
The ridges on either side of the Wallkill Valley are noteworthy for their raptor migrations, and the diversity of upland and wetland habitats supports nesting and wintering by several rare raptor species. Probable or confirmed breeders include Cooper's hawk, sharp-shinned hawk (Accipiter striatus), red-tailed hawk (Buteo jamaicensis), red-shouldered hawk, broad-winged hawk (Buteo platypterus), northern harrier, and American kestrel (Falco sparverius). Red-shouldered hawk and barred owl nest in the large forested swamp areas in the Wallkill River bottomlands and along Papakating Creek. Wintering raptors include American kestrel, red-tailed hawk, long-eared owl (Asio otus), short-eared owl, and northern saw-whet owl (Aegolius acadicus). Regionally rare grassland nesting birds inhabiting the hay fields, dairy farms, abandoned farms, and native grasslands include upland sandpiper, savannah sparrow, grasshopper sparrow, vesper sparrow, and bobolink. This habitat complex includes one of the few places in New Jersey with probable or confirmed nesting by vesper sparrow as reported during the first two years of the Breeding Bird Atlas.
Bog turtle occur or potentially occur in appropriate habitat throughout this watershed. Favorable habitats are calcareous wetlands, especially open fens dominated by sedges and other vegetation less than 1 meter (3.3 feet) tall. These fens generally occur as part of larger calcareous wetland complexes, including wooded swamp, marsh, beaver pond, and other wetland types. Bog turtles bask in open sunny areas when ambient temperatures are low in the spring, but spend time beneath the tree canopy in summer. Eggs are laid in the top of sedge tussocks or sphagnum hummocks. The bog turtle population in the valley likely consists of discrete metapopulations connected by streams and wetlands. Barriers between populations include major roads, impoundments, or lakes, and major rivers and upland areas. Wood turtle also occur in the wooded swamps along the Wallkill River, Papakating River, and several tributaries where there is sufficient unfragmented wetland and forest area.
Where the Wallkill River runs through the Refuge, it supports a warmwater fishery for largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides), pickerel (Esox spp.), yellow perch (Perca flavescens), sunfish (Centrarchid family), and bullheads (Ictalurid family). This portion of the Wallkill and the lower portion of most of the tributaries are classified as non-trout waters; the upper stretches of several tributaries are considered trout maintenance waters (capable of supporting stocked trout), and three tributaries (Franklin Pond Creek, Sparta Glen Brook, and a tributary to the Wallkill in Ogdensburg) support naturally reproducing populations of brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) and, in Franklin Pond Creek, brown trout (Salmo trutta) as well.
The Ogdensburg Glades, Sterling Mine, and Franklin Mine are examples of limestone glades, a rare plant community supporting a diversity of regionally rare plant species, including prairie species such as long-headed anemone and grooved yellow flax, dry calcareous species such as hairy rock cress (Arabis hirstuta), whorled milkweed (Asclepias verticillata), and false boneset, and species adapted to xeric (dry) conditions such as side-oats gramma grass, tall dropseed grass (Sporobolus asper), stiff goldenrod, white heath aster (Aster ericoides), Bicknell's sedge (Carex bicknellii), early buttercup, and Georgia hackberry (Celtis tenuifolia). In adjacent wetter areas, wetland species such as hoary willow (Salix candida), meadow willow (S. petiolaris), autumn willow (S. serissima), and small bedstraw occur. (For additional information, see calcareous habitats chapter.)
Calcareous wetland types include fens such as those found at Monroe Big Springs, Rudeville, Ogdensburg Fen, Sterling Hill, Woodruff's Gap Fen, and Sparta Avenue Fen; swales such as Sparta Station; and sinkholes such as those found at Hopkins Corner. These wetlands are important for an association of rare plants that includes larger Canadian St. John's-wort, Torrey's bulrush, long-beaked bald-rush (Rhynchospora scirpoides), spreading globe flower, capillary beaked-rush, hemlock-parsley, Virginia bunchflower, and swamp birch (Betula pumila).
The limestone bedrock is easily eroded by water and, in some locations, this results in karst topography with sinkholes, underground streams, and caves. Aquatic and terrestrial cave communities occur at Crooked Swamp and several other locations within the upper Wallkill River valley.
VII. THREATS AND SPECIAL PROBLEMS: Conversion of farmland to residential and commercial development results in a direct loss of grassland, early successional forest, and edge habitat along the emergent and forested wetlands that currently support a high diversity of species. Past and present alteration of wetlands and other natural habitat for muck farming has resulted in negative impacts on wetland species. Fragmentation of grasslands will reduce their suitability for grassland-nesting birds, which need fairly large tracts of grassland areas to breed successfully. The destruction and disturbance of grasslands for grassland-nesting birds by all-terrain vehicles is a problem in some areas. Continued development of open space in the watershed will likely result in degraded water quality through point and nonpoint sources. Sewage treatment plants feeding into the Wallkill River and its tributaries are currently a major source of nutrients and, during storm events, release raw sewage into a tributary of the Wallkill River. These inputs will increase with increased development. The input of nutrients into some of the calcareous wetlands will likely result in a change in the structure of these communities, reducing their suitability for rare wetland plants and bog turtle. Increased fragmentation of bog turtle habitat through alteration of wetlands, impoundments, and increased size or use of roads, will isolate local populations and reduce the viability of the entire metapopulation. The collection of bog turtles for the pet trade is also a major problem, not just locally but throughout the species' range. Peat mining is destroying habitat directly adjacent to valuable wetlands. Bottomland logging activities directly destroy habitat for birds as well as alter the structure of the habitat, affecting many rare species.
VIII. CONSERVATION RECOMMENDATIONS: A combination of public outreach and increased enforcement is necessary to reduce collection of bog turtles. Restoration of riparian habitats along some of the tributaries could result in both improved habitat and improved water quality. Populations of grassland-nesting birds should be maintained or increased through cooperative agreements or easements with landowners, restoration of grasslands, and maintenance of grasslands through fire and/or mowing. Populations of waterbirds and waterfowl should be increased through restoration and maintenance of emergent and forested wetlands. Long-term planning for human population growth throughout this watershed will be necessary to deal with the existing development pressures. Special consideration must be given to development in sensitive limestone areas with their associated rare communities and fragile karst topography. There needs to be a better understanding of the distribution of bog turtle in this area and connections between local populations, as well as of ways to restore or enhance wetland habitat for bog turtle. Existing efforts by the New Jersey Nongame and Endangered Species Program to identify, map, protect, and restore bog turtle habitats in the Wallkill, Paulins Kill, and Papakating Creek watersheds should continue to be supported. Acquisition of upland and wetland habitats for inclusion in the Wallkill River National Wildlife Refuge should be given a high priority. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service should consider expanding the Refuge boundary to include additional important bog turtle population areas.
It is not necessarily best, nor possible, for government agencies or conservation organizations always to acquire all the lands needed to protect a rare community type or important habitat. Various approaches and strategies exist for protecting valuable wildlife habitats; each provides different degrees of protection and requires different levels of commitment by regulatory agencies, conservation organizations, and landowners. These techniques include combined public and private financing, land exchanges, conservation easements, cooperative management agreements, mutual covenants, purchase of development rights, comprehensive planning, zoning and land-use regulations, enforcement of existing local, state, and federal regulations, and fee simple acquisition. Techniques can be combined to develop a strategy for land protection that is tailored to a specific site. Partnerships among individual landowners within habitat complexes offer an exciting, practical, and innovative approach to the large, landscape-scale habitats recognized here.
IX. REFERENCES:
Benzinger, J. and S. Angus. 1992. Breeding birds of the northern New Jersey Highlands. New Jersey Audubon Society Records of New Jersey Birds 28(2): 22-41.
Breden, T. 1989. A preliminary natural community classification for New Jersey. In E.F. Karlin (ed.) New Jersey's rare and endangered plants and animals. Institute for Environmental Studies, Ramapo College, Mahwah, NJ, pp. 157-191.
Connally, G.G. and L.A. Sirkin. 1970. Late glacial history of the upper Wallkill Valley, New York. Geological Society of America Bulletin 81:3,297-3,306.
Kiviat, E. 1994. Profiles of the bog turtle and Blanding's turtle for the New York Bight coastal habitat study: report to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Hudsonia Ltd., Annandale, NY.
Klemens, M.W. 1993. Standardized bog turtle site-quality analysis. American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY.
New Jersey Natural Heritage Program. 1994. Site Reports on Sterling Hill, Woodruffs Gap Fen, Branchville, Ogdensburg Fen, Rudeville, Crooked Swamp, Franklin Mine, Lake Grinnell Bog, Monroe Big Springs, Ogdensburg Glades, Papakating Creek, Sparta Avenue Fen), Sparta Station Site, and Wallkill River Macrosite. New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, Division of Lands and Forests, Trenton, NJ.
New Jersey Audubon Society. In progress. Preliminary breeding bird atlas data. New Jersey Audubon Society, Franklin Lakes, NJ.
New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection. 1994. Classification of New Jersey waters as related to their suitability for trout. New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, Division of Fish, Game and Wildlife, Bureau of Freshwater Fishes, Trenton, NJ.
Robichaud, B. and M.F. Buell. 1973. Vegetation of New Jersey. Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick, NJ. 340 p.
Sciascia, J. 1996. Personal communication. New Jersey Endangered and Nongame Species Program, Trenton, NJ.
Skylands Greenway Task Force. 1992. Skylands Greenway - a plan for action. Governor's Skylands Greenway Task Force, Trenton, NJ. 40 p.
Tiner, R.W. 1985. Wetlands of New Jersey. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. National Wetlands Inventory. Hadley, MA. 117 p.
U.S. Department of the Interior. Undated. North American Waterfowl Management Plan, Atlantic Coast Joint Venture.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. In progress. List of birds of the Wallkill River National Wildlife Refuge. Wallkill River National Wildlife Refuge, Sussex, NJ.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1990. Final environmental assessment: Wallkill River National Wildlife Refuge proposal. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Hadley, MA.
List of Species of Special Emphasis
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