INVESTIGATORS:
Rik Wanninkhof 
- NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (AOML)
Robert H. Byrne
- University of South Florida (USF)
Wei-Jun Cai
- University of Delaware
Molly O. Baringer
- NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (AOML)
Jia-Zhong Zhang
- NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (AOML)
PACKAGE DESCRIPTION: This dataset includes biological, chemical, discrete sample, optical, physical and profile data collected from NOAA Ship RONALD H. BROWN in the Gray's Reef National Marine Sanctuary, Gulf of Mexico and North Atlantic Ocean from 2012-07-21 to 2012-08-13. These data include ABSORPTION - SCATTERING - ATTENUATION COEFFICIENTS, CARBON - CARBONATE, CHLOROPHYLL, CHLOROPHYLL A, Calcium, Chromophoric Dissolved Organic Matter (CDOM), DISSOLVED INORGANIC CARBON (DIC), DISSOLVED ORGANIC CARBON, DISSOLVED ORGANIC MATTER, DISSOLVED OXYGEN, Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE, NITRATE, NITRITE, PHAEOPHYTIN, PIGMENTS, Partial pressure (or fugacity) of carbon dioxide - water, Potential temperature (theta), SALINITY, SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE, SIGMA-THETA, TOTAL ALKALINITY (TA), Total Organic Carbon (TOC), WATER TEMPERATURE, diatom, nitrate + nitrite content (concentration), pH, phosphate, silicate and suspended solids. The instruments used to collect these data include CTD and bottle.
These data were collected by Rik Wanninkhof, Jia-Zhong Zhang and Molly Baringer of NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, Wei-Jun Cai of University of Delaware; College of Earth, Ocean, and Environment; School of Marine Science and Policy and Dr. Robert H. Byrne of University of South Florida as part of the Coastal_GOMECC2 data set. CDIAC associated the following cruise ID(s) with this data set: Coastal_GOMECC2
The Global Coastal Carbon Data Project data includes the bottle (discrete) and surface (underway) carbon-related measurements from coastal research cruises, the data from time series cruises and coastal moorings. The coastal regions data are very important for the understanding of carbon cycle on the continental margins.
CITE AS: Wanninkhof, Rik; Zhang, Jia-Zhong; Baringer, Molly O.; Langdon, Chris; Cai, Wei-Jun; Salisbury, Joseph E.; Byrne, Robert H. (2016). Partial pressure (or fugacity) of carbon dioxide, dissolved inorganic carbon, pH, alkalinity, temperature, salinity and other variables collected from discrete sample and profile observations using CTD, bottle and other instruments from NOAA Ship RONALD H. BROWN in the Gray's Reef National Marine Sanctuary, Gulf of Mexico and North Atlantic Ocean from 2012-07-21 to 2012-08-13 (NCEI Accession 0157619). [indicate subset used]. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. Dataset. https://doi.org/10.3334/cdiac/otg.coastal_gomecc2. Accessed [date].
DATA PACKAGES RELATED TO THIS ONE:
none;
IDENTIFICATION INFORMATION FOR THIS DATA PACKAGE:
NCEI ACCESSION: 0157619
NCEI DOI: https://doi.org/10.3334/cdiac/otg.coastal_gomecc2
EXPOCODE: 33RO20120721;
CRUISE ID: Coastal_GOMECC2;
SECTION/LEG: GOMECC2;
TYPES OF STUDY: Discrete measurement;Profile;TEMPORAL COVERAGE:
START DATE: 2012-07-21
END DATE: 2012-08-13
SPATIAL COVERAGE:
WEST: -90.809
EAST: -68.517
GEOGRAPHIC NAMES: Atlantic Ocean;
PLATFORMS: R/V Ronald H. Borown (ID: 33RO);
RESEARCH PROJECT(S):
none;
VARIABLES / PARAMETERS:
| Dissolved Inorganic Carbon |
|---|
| Abbreviation: |
DIC |
| Observation type: |
discrete |
| In-situ / Manipulation / Response variable: |
In-situ observation |
| Measured or calculated: |
Calculated |
| Detailed sampling and analyzing information: |
Two systems consisting of a coulometer (UIC Inc.) coupled with a Dissolved Inorganic Carbon Extractor (DICE) inlet system. DICE was developed by Esa Peltola and Denis Pierrot of NOAA/AOML and Dana Greeley of NOAA/PMEL to modernize a carbon extractor called SOMMA (Johnson et al. 1985, 1987, 1993, and 1999; Johnson 1992) |
| Standardization description: |
"Samples for total dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) measurements were drawn according to procedures outlined in the Handbook of Methods for CO2 Analysis (DOE 1994) from Niskin bottles into cleaned 294-ml glass bottles. Bottles were rinsed and filled from the bottom, leaving 6 ml of headspace; care was taken not to entrain any bubbles. After 0.2 ml of saturated HgCl2 solution was added as a preservative, the sample bottles were sealed with glass stoppers lightly covered with Apiezon-L grease and were stored at room temperature for a maximum of 12 hours prior to analysis. The DIC analytical equipment was set up in a seagoing laboratory van. The analysis was done by coulometry with two analytical systems (AOML3 and AOML4) used simultaneously on the cruise. In the coulometric analysis of DIC, all carbonate species are converted to CO2 (gas) by addition of excess hydrogen ion (acid) to the seawater sample, and the evolved CO2 gas is swept into the titration cell of the coulometer with pure air or compressed nitrogen, where it reacts quantitatively with a proprietary reagent based on ethanolamine to generate hydrogen ions. In this process, the solution changes from blue to colorless, triggering a current through the cell and causing coulometrical generation of OH- ions at the anode. The OH- ions react with the H+, and the solution turns blue again. A beam of light is shone through the solution, and a photometric detector at the opposite side of the cell senses the change in transmission. Once the percent transmission reaches its original value, the coulometric titration is stopped, and the amount of CO2 that enters the cell is determined by integrating the total charge during the titration. The pipette volume was determined by taking aliquots at known temperature of distilled water from the volumes. The weights with the appropriate densities were used to determine the volume of the pipettes. Calculation of the amount of CO2 injected was according to the CO2 handbook (DOE 1994). The instrument has a salinity sensor, but all DIC values were recalculated to a molar weight (µmol/kg) using density obtained from the CTD’s salinity. The DIC values were corrected for dilution by 0.2 ml of saturated HgCl2 used for sample preservation. A correction was also applied for the offset from the CRM. This additive correction was applied for each cell using the CRM value obtained in the beginning of the cell. The average correction was 2.3 μmol/kg. While both systems worked very well during the cruise, they occasionally had high blanks. Normally the blank is less than 30, but we were forced to run them with blanks in the 12-45 range. Other problems were relatively minor. The Midas failed shortly after the cruise began so compressed Nitrogen was used for sample analysis. Communication errors between the instruments and their controlling laptop computers occurred several times. Coulometer AOML 5 was replaced with Coulometer AOML 3 on DICE 3 the second to last day during the GOM line of stations. Underway samples were collected from the flow thru system in the Wet Lab during transits between station lines. Discrete DIC samples were collected every two hours with duplicates every fourth sample. " |
| CRM batch number: |
112 and 120 Dr. A. Dickson (SIO) |
| Total alkalinity |
|---|
| Abbreviation: |
TA |
| Observation type: |
discrete |
| In-situ / Manipulation / Response variable: |
In-situ observation |
| Measured or calculated: |
Measured |
| Type of titration: |
Potentiometric titration |
| Cell type (open or closed): |
open cell |
| Curve fitting method: |
The precision of alkalinity determination was improved by using a potentiometric titration with a glass electrode (Dyrssen 1965, Dyrssen and Sillen 1967). The Gran method (Gran, 1952) was used to determine the end point. TA was measured by Gran titration (Gran, 1952) using the open cell method with a semi-automatic titration system (AS-ALK2, Apollo Scitech), consisting of two KloehnTM syringe pumps (module #50300) of 1 ml and 25 ml respectively, a pH meter (AR15, Accumet Research), and a ROSS combination pH glass electrode (Orion 8102BN, Thermo Scientific). Throughout the entire cruise, the TA samples, the HCl solution, and the syringes of the KloehnTM pumps were all water-jacketed at 22±0.1 1C maintained by a thermal bath (VWR, Scientific Product). |
| Uncertainty: |
For each measurement, 25 ml of TA sample was titrated with an HCl solution (0.1 M HCl and 0.5 M NaCl). This TA titration system has a precision of better than 0.1 % (Cai et al. 2010). pH electrode was calibrated with pH buffer (NBS) 4.01, 7.00, and 10.01 and recalibration was done every 12 to 24 hours. All the TA values were directly measured with reference to Certified Reference Material (CRM, batch#114). System (titrator and electrode) stability was also checked along with the sample run using the CRM seawater every 12 hours or when necessary. Ten duplicated samples were sampled during this cruise. The precision of this method is better than 0.1% and accuracy is 0.1%. |
| Method reference: |
Dickson A.G. (1981). An exact definition of total alkalinity, and a procedure for the estimation of alkalinity and total inorganic carbon from titration data. Deep-Sea Res. 28, 609-623.
Dickson A.G. (1992). The development of the alkalinity concept in marine chemistry. Marine chemistry 40:1-21-2, 49-63.
Gran G. (1952). Determination of the equivalence point in potentiometric titrations. Part II. The analyst, 77, 661-671.
Bates, R.G. Determination of pH. Theory and Practice. A Wiley-Interscience Publication, Second Edition. Wolf-Gladrow, D.A. et al. (2007). Total alkalinity: The explicit conservative expression and its application to biogeochemical process. |
| pH |
|---|
| Abbreviation: |
pH |
| pH scale: |
Total Scale |
| Observation type: |
discrete |
| In-situ / Manipulation / Response variable: |
In-situ observation |
| Measured or calculated: |
Measured |
| Temperature of pH measurement: |
25 °C |
| Detailed sampling and analyzing information: |
The pHT of each sample was determined on an Agilent 8453 spectrometer setup with a custom-made temperature-controlled cell holder. |
| Uncertainty: |
All spectrophotometric pH and CO32- measurements were tentatively flagged if the baseline shifted more than 0.002 absorbance units for pH and 0.004 absorbance units for carbonate ion measurements. A series of at least three spectra were averaged for each determination and samples were rerun if the overall standard deviations were higher than 0.0004 for pH measurements and 0.002 for carbonate ion measurements. This process was repeated until the standard deviation of multiple readings was within 0.0004 for pH and 0.002 for carbonate. Absorbance values were saved so that the quality criteria can be evaluated in the future. |
| pCO2 (fCO2) discrete |
|---|
| Abbreviation: |
fCO2 |
| Observation type: |
discrete |
| In-situ / Manipulation / Response variable: |
In-situ observation |
| Measured or calculated: |
Measured |
| Storage method: |
The analyses for pCO2 were done with the discrete samples at 20°C. A primary water bath was kept within 0.03°C of the analytical temperature; a secondary bath was kept within 0.15°C the analytical temperature. The majority of the samples were analyzed in batches of twelve bottles, which with standards took approximately 2.5 hours. When twelve bottles were moved into the primary water bath for analyses, the next twelve bottles were moved into the secondary water bath. No sample bottle spent less than one hour in the secondary water bath prior to being moved to the analytical water bath. |
| Seawater volume: |
500 mL |
| Temperature of measurement: |
20 ˚C |
| Detailed sampling and analyzing information: |
The principles of the discrete pCO2 system are described in Wanninkhof and Thoning (1993) and Chipman et al. (1993). The major difference in the current system is the method of equilibrating the sample water with the constantly circulating gas phase. This system uses miniature membrane contactors (Micromodules from Memrana, Inc.), which contain bundles of hydrophobic micro-porous tubes in polycarbonate shells (2.5 x 2.5 x 0.5 cm). The sample water is pumped over the outside of the tubing bundles in two contactors in series at 25 ml/min. The gas is recirculated through the inside of the tubing and through a non-dispersive infrared analyzer, LI-COR© (model 840) at 13-14 ml/min |
| Method reference: |
Chipman, D.W. Marra, J. and Takahashi, T. (1993). Primary production at 47°N and 20°W in the North Atlantic Ocean: A comparison between the 14C incubation method and mixed layer carbon budget observations. Deep-Sea Res., II, v. 40, pp.
Wanninkhof, R.; and Thoning, K. (1993). Measurement of fugacity of CO2 in surface water using continuous and discrete sampling methods. Mar. Chem., v. 44, no. 2-4, pp. 189-205.
Pierrot, D.; Neill, C.; Sullivan, K.; Castle, R.; Wanninkhof, R.; Lüger, H.; Johannessen, T.; Olsen, A.; Feely, R.A.; and Cosca, C.E. (2009). Recommendations for autonomous underway pCO2 measuring systems and data-reduction routines. Deep-Sea Res., II, v. 56, pp. 512-522. |
| CTDTMP |
|---|
| Abbreviation: |
CTDTMP |
| Unit: |
DEG_C |
| Controlled vocabulary name: |
WATER TEMPERATURE |
| In-situ / Manipulation / Response variable: |
in-situ |
| CTDSAL |
|---|
| Abbreviation: |
CTDSAL |
| Controlled vocabulary name: |
SALINITY |
| In-situ / Manipulation / Response variable: |
in-situ |
| THETA |
|---|
| Abbreviation: |
THETA |
| Unit: |
DEG_C |
| Controlled vocabulary name: |
Potential temperature (theta) |
| In-situ / Manipulation / Response variable: |
in-situ |
| SIGMA_THETA |
|---|
| Abbreviation: |
SIGMA_THETA |
| Unit: |
KG/M^3 |
| Controlled vocabulary name: |
SIGMA-THETA |
| In-situ / Manipulation / Response variable: |
in-situ |
| SALNTY |
|---|
| Abbreviation: |
SALNTY |
| Controlled vocabulary name: |
SALINITY |
| In-situ / Manipulation / Response variable: |
in-situ |
| CTDOXY |
|---|
| Abbreviation: |
CTDOXY |
| Unit: |
UMOL/KG |
| Controlled vocabulary name: |
DISSOLVED OXYGEN |
| In-situ / Manipulation / Response variable: |
in-situ |
| OXYGEN |
|---|
| Abbreviation: |
OXYGEN |
| Unit: |
UMOL/KG |
| Controlled vocabulary name: |
DISSOLVED OXYGEN |
| In-situ / Manipulation / Response variable: |
in-situ |
| SILCAT |
|---|
| Abbreviation: |
SILCAT |
| Unit: |
UMOL/KG |
| Controlled vocabulary name: |
silicate |
| In-situ / Manipulation / Response variable: |
in-situ |
| NITRIT |
|---|
| Abbreviation: |
NITRIT |
| Unit: |
UMOL/KG |
| Controlled vocabulary name: |
NITRITE |
| In-situ / Manipulation / Response variable: |
in-situ |
| NITRAT |
|---|
| Abbreviation: |
NITRAT |
| Unit: |
UMOL/KG |
| Controlled vocabulary name: |
NITRATE |
| In-situ / Manipulation / Response variable: |
in-situ |
| PHSPHT |
|---|
| Abbreviation: |
PHSPHT |
| Unit: |
UMOL/KG |
| Controlled vocabulary name: |
phosphate |
| In-situ / Manipulation / Response variable: |
in-situ |
| NO2+NO3 |
|---|
| Abbreviation: |
NO2+NO3 |
| Unit: |
UMOL/KG |
| Controlled vocabulary name: |
nitrate + nitrite content (concentration) |
| In-situ / Manipulation / Response variable: |
in-situ |
| TCARBN |
|---|
| Abbreviation: |
TCARBN |
| Unit: |
UMOL/KG |
| Controlled vocabulary name: |
DISSOLVED INORGANIC CARBON (DIC) |
| In-situ / Manipulation / Response variable: |
in-situ |
| ALKALI |
|---|
| Abbreviation: |
ALKALI |
| Unit: |
UMOL/KG |
| Controlled vocabulary name: |
total alkalinity |
| In-situ / Manipulation / Response variable: |
in-situ |
| FCO2 |
|---|
| Abbreviation: |
FCO2 |
| Unit: |
UATM |
| Controlled vocabulary name: |
partial pressure of carbon dioxide - water |
| In-situ / Manipulation / Response variable: |
in-situ |
| PH_TOT |
|---|
| Abbreviation: |
PH_TOT |
| Unit: |
@25C |
| Controlled vocabulary name: |
pH |
| In-situ / Manipulation / Response variable: |
in-situ |
| CO3 |
|---|
| Abbreviation: |
CO3 |
| Unit: |
UMOL/KG, Carbonite ion concentration, |
| Controlled vocabulary name: |
CARBON - CARBONATE |
| In-situ / Manipulation / Response variable: |
in-situ |
| TOC |
|---|
| Abbreviation: |
TOC |
| Unit: |
UMOL/L |
| Controlled vocabulary name: |
Total Organic Carbon (TOC) |
| In-situ / Manipulation / Response variable: |
in-situ |
| DOC |
|---|
| Abbreviation: |
DOC |
| Unit: |
UMOL/KG |
| Controlled vocabulary name: |
DISSOLVED ORGANIC CARBON |
| In-situ / Manipulation / Response variable: |
in-situ |
PUBLICATIONS DESCRIBING THIS DATASET: none;
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION: none;
FUNDING AGENCY: NOAA
PROJECT TITLE:
PROJECT ID:
SUBMITTED BY: Alex Kozyr (Alex.Kozyr@noaa.gov)
SUBMISSION DATE: 2016-12-20
