README FILE FOR BERING STRAIT MOORING DATA Oct 2015 (updated Aug 2016) ============================================================================= 12345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567 Bering Strait Moorings 2013-2014 This is an archive of data from moorings deployed in Bering Strait from summer 2013 to summer 2014. Mooring deployments were funded by the ONR award N00014-13-1-0468 (PI: Woodgate) with shiptime support from the concurrent NSF-AON awards (Award ARC0855748, PIs: Woodgate, Weingartner, Lindsay and Whitledge; and Award PLR-1304052, PIs: Woodgate, Heimbach and Nguyen), in collaboration with the NOAA RUSALCA (Russian-US Long Term Census of the Arctic) program. The mooring work required 2 dedicated cruises: - in 2013 (3rd - 10th July), a ~ 8 day cruise on the US vessel Norseman2 deployed the moorings. Some CTD sections were run on this cruise, and those data are archived separately. - in 2014 (30th June - 7th July), a ~ 8 day cruise on the US vessel Norseman2 deployed the moorings. Some CTD sections were run on this cruise, and those data are archived separately. For 2013 to 2014, a total of three moorings were deployed: - two moorings (A2 and A4) in the US channel of the strait, - one mooring (A3) at a site just north of the strait. In what follows, mooring names include a two digit suffix to represent year of deployment. Sites A2, and A3 were established in 1990. A2 and A3 have been occupied almost continuously (all years except 96-97) since then. Site A4 was established in 2001. Mooring location A2 is in the middle of the eastern (Alaskan side) channel. Mooring location A3 is just north of the strait, immediately east of the Russian-US EEZ (Exclusive Economic Zone) line. Experience has shown that site A3 samples both eastern and western channel water. Mooring location A4 is close to the Alaskan coast and allows measurement of the Alaska Coastal Current. For an overview of previous and on-going Bering Strait mooring work, please see http://psc.apl.washington.edu/BeringStrait.html. Moorings carry a variety of instruments, listed in the table below. All records are year-round, sampling hourly or more frequently (Time Int. in table below). Data from instruments marked with * are not included in this archive. For access to these data, please contact the named PI in list below table. 12345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567 -------------------------------------------------------------------------- ID Deployed Latitude Longitude Instrument S/N Time Inst. Water in Year (N) (W) Int. Depth Depth -------------------------------------------------------------------------- A3-13 2013 66 19.62 168 57.06 ISCAT 5591 5min 16m 56m ISCAT-Logger 4 30min ... 56m 300kHz-ADCP 2332 30min 43m 56m SBE16 1698 60min 44m 56m SBE16woptic 7052 60min 48m 56m ISUS* 250 - 48m 56m AURAL M2* 233 - 52m 56m A2-13 2013 65 46.86 168 34.05 ISCAT 10591 NR 15m 54m ISCAT-Logger 24 30min ... 54m 300kHz-ADCP 2234 30min 44m 54m SBE16woptic 4112 60min 47m 54m ISUS* 124 - 47m 54m AURAL M2* 235 - 48m 54m SBE16 1700 60min 49m 54m A4-13 2013 65 44.75 168 15.75 ISCAT 8965 NR 16m 47m ISCAT-Logger 21 30min ... 47m 300kHz-ADCP 2232 30min 37m 47m SBE16 1224 30min 40m 47m AURAL M2* 234 - 42m 47m -------------------------------------------------------------------------- Depths are estimated from mooring design and pressure sensors where available, and are good to 1-2m. NR=instrument not recovered ND=No data Instruments with data included here: ISCAT - SBE37IM in ice resistant float, telemetering data inductively to a Logger below (system developed at APL-UW) 300KHz-ADCP - 300kHz RDI/Teledyne Workhorse Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler SBE37 Microcat - Seabird SBE 37 Temperature Salinity Pressure recorder SBE16woptic - Seabird SBE16plus with optical data (including some or all of fluorescence, turbidity, transmissivity and PAR) - see headers SBE26p-BPG - Seabird SBE26plus Bottom Pressure Gauge RCM9Turb - Aanderaa RCM9 acoustic current meter with turbidity sensor RCM9LW - Aanderaa Lightweight RCM9 acoustic current meter Instruments with data not included here: AARI-CM&CTD - Current meter and CTD from AARI (Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute, Russia), PI: Igor Lavrenov, AARI ISUS - ISUS Nitrate sensor, PI: Terry Whitledge, UAF AURAL M2* - Aural Marine Mammal Acoustic Recorder, PI: Kate Stafford, UW Each data file contains the data from one instrument-year - the listed year in the mooring name is the year in which the mooring was deployed. Optics data from the SBE instruments are included in this archive only in the hex files (unconverted). For calibration data, please contact Tom Weingartner, UAF. For RCMs and SBEs, calibrated data are recorded in one file per instrument per year, with naming convention: BeringStrait_yyyy_ID_III_#####.ttt yyyy=Deployment year; ID=mooring ID; III=instrument type; #####=serial number; ttt=indicates calibration, with .pre=pre-deployment calibration used, .ppp=pre and post deployment calibrations merged. The SBE-16 and 37 hexidecimal files (unaltered from the download) are also included, indicated by extension .hex or .asc For the ADCPs, there are multiple files per instrument. BeringStrait_yyyy__ID_#####ADCPraw.000 = Binary download from the ADCP BeringStrait_yyyy__ID_#####_ADCPdeploytests.txt = pre deployment tests BeringStrait_yyyy__ID_#####_ADCPrecoverytest.txt = post deployment tests The remainder are ASCII conversions of the data, corrected for clock drift and magnetic declination. BeringStrait_yyyy__ID_#####.btm = ASCII bottom track data (including ice range and velocity) BeringStrait_yyyy__ID_#####.ins = ASCII instrument data (e.g. heading, pitch, roll, temperature) BeringStrait_yyyy__ID_#####_bin01.rdat = ASCII water velocity data in Bin 1 BeringStrait_yyyy__ID_#####.bin02.rdat = ASCII water velocity data in Bin 2 etc. (Bin depths are given in the data files) Header information is included in each data file. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- For details of the measurements and their interpretation, please see: Roach, A.T., K. Aagaard, C. H. Pease, S.A. Salo, T. Weingartner, V. Pavlov, and M. Kulakov (1995) Direct measurements of transport and water properties through Bering Strait, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 18,443-18,457. Woodgate, R.A., and K. Aagaard (2005) Revising the Bering Strait freshwater flux into the Arctic Ocean, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L02602, doi:10.1029/2004GL021747. Woodgate, R.A., K. Aagaard, and T. Weingartner (2005) Monthly temperature, salinity, and transport variability of the Bering Strait throughflow, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, No. 4, L04601, doi:10.1029/2004GL021880. Woodgate, R. A., K. Aagaard, and T. J. Weingartner (2005) A year in the physical oceanography of the Chukchi Sea: Moored measurements from autumn 1990-1991,Deep-Sea Res., Part II, 52, 3116-3149, doi: 10.1016/j.dsr2.2005.10.016. Woodgate, R. A., K. Aagaard, and T. J. Weingartner (2006) Interannual changes in the Bering Strait fluxes of volume, heat and freshwater between 1991 and 2004, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L15609, doi:10.1029/2006GL026931. Woodgate, R. A., T. Weingartner, and R. Lindsay (2010), The 2007 Bering Strait oceanic heat flux and anomalous Arctic sea-ice retreat, Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L01602, doi:10.1029/2009GL041621. Woodgate, R.A., T. Weingartner, and R. Lindsay (2012), Observed increases in Bering Strait oceanic fluxes from the Pacific to the Arctic from 2001 to 2011 and their impacts on the Arctic Ocean water column, Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, L24603, doi:10.1029/2012GL054092. For an overview, please see: http://psc.apl.washington.edu/BeringStrait.html For queries, please contact: Rebecca Woodgate woodgate@apl.washington.edu (206) 221-3268 Polar Science Center, Applied Physics Lab, University of Washington 1013 NE 40th, Seattle, WA 98105-6698 USA FAX (206) 543-6785 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ % Note update from Oct 2015 version, which was found to be using an incorrect % magnetic declination for mooring A2 (was 19.8deg, should be 9.8deg). % This is corrected in thus August 2016 version %----------------------------------------------------------------------------- Meta data ========= 1) Platform: Subsurface oceanographic moorings 2) Project title: Bering Strait 3) Data collection dates: summer 2013 to summer 2014 4) PI: Rebecca Woodgate (woodgate@apl.washington.edu) 5) Data collection method: Year-round moorings carrying - Sea-Bird temperature/conductivity and pressure recorders (SBE) - RDI 300kHz Workhorse Acoustic Doppler Current Profilers (ADCP) - APL data loggers for inductive data from ISCAT system 6) Data calibration method: Unless noted otherwise in the header on each data file, timestamps have been corrected for observed instrument clock drift. All times are given in GMT. For SBEs, calibration coefficients are given in header file. SBEs: - Generally pre and post calibrated by the manufacturer (indicated by suffix .ppp) - pre and post calibrations linearly time-weighted through the deployment. - .pre suffix indicates only pre-cruise calibration used ADCPS: Tested by APL/manufacturer pre deployment. - compasses calibrated as per manufacturer's specifications in Seattle prior to deployment. Estimated compass error is included in the header file - where available, at sea compass check also included in header file - direction corrected to true north, magnetic declination used is cited in the header. - data requiring speed of sound in water is corrected by the ADCP using the water temperature measured by the ADCP. - intensity of returned signals is not specially calibrated. 7) Instrumentation used: (see table for sampling frequencies) Sea-Bird SBE16 recorders Sea-Bird SBE16plus recorders with optics sensors ISCAT loggers (SBE37 Microcat logging data to an APL-Logger) RDI 300 kHz Workhorse ADCP - bin size 2m. 8) Quality control procedures: Quality control provided by Rebecca Woodgate. ADCP data rely on ADCP internal temperature for speed of sound corrections. ADCP Data files are included for all bins up to the surface although bins near the surface contain much larger errors (likely due to surface effects) and should be treated with caution. 9) Data format: SBE data - ASCII, format given in individual headers (uncalibrated "hex" data also included for SBEs) ADCP data - 2 formats: a) BINARY download file from ADCP and b) ASCII conversion of these files (in 2m bins) 10) Data collection problems: By Mooring: - no particular problems - biofouling is a typical issue in the strait, but biofouling was comparatively light this year (A3 with the least biofouling, then A2 and with moderate biofouling at A4). Photographic documentation of biofouling on recovery is available via cruise reports, included here and on the Bering Strait website: http://psc.apl.washington.edu/BeringStrait.html. By Instrument: === ISCATS (Loggers and SBE37s) A213 - SBE37 10591 - lost March 2014 - Logger 24 - one missing data record interpolated A313 - SBE37 5591 - recovered with full record - Logger 04 - glitches in record, data not archived A413 - SBE37 8965 - lost May 2014 - Logger 21 - one missing data record interpolated === ADCPs Note that ADCP range measurements are not corrected for pitch and roll. For full discussion and correction, see: Woodgate and Holroyd, 2011, included in archive. A213_adcp2234 - high velocity errors in Bin 1 - data good to ~ Bin 17 (~ 8m depth) - temperature data not quality controlled A313_adcp2332 - high velocity errors in Bin 1 - data good to ~ Bin 17 (~ 7m depth) - temperature data not quality controlled A413_adcp2232 - high velocity errors in Bin 1 - data good to ~ Bin 14 (~ 7m depth) - temperature data not quality controlled === SBE16 (no optics) A213_1700 - cell clear on recovery - 0.06 psu salinity different pre-post calibrations A313_1698 - cell clear on recovery - 0.05 psu salinity different pre-post calibrations A413_1224 - cell clear on recovery - 0.03 psu salinity different pre-post calibrations === SBE16Plus (with optics) SBE16plus instruments with optics were included on A2 and A3. Only .hex files are included here for two reasons: - firstly, the instrument were not deployed vertical, but at an angle of ~ 45 deg. Experience suggests this causes silting of the salinity cell (even in these pumped systems) degrading salinity data; - secondly, optics calibration data were not available at the time of archiving. A213_4112 - with Fluoresence and PAR sensor A313_7052 - with Fluoresence sensor 11) Other related data sets: This data set is a continuation of mooring measurements made in the Bering Strait almost continuously since 1990. Mooring data have already been archived via the SBI project, managed by JOSS/EOS, and at NODC. For details see http://psc.apl.washington.edu/BeringStrait.html http://www.eol.ucar.edu/projects/sbi/ http://sbi.utk.edu/ http://www.nodc.noaa.gov Since 2000, CTD sections have been run in the Bering Strait on the mooring cruises. This data is also accessible via the http links above. 12) Conditions for use or citation: Data freely available Please, as a courtesy, contact the PIs before using these data 13) Data qualifications or warnings: See also Data collection problems. For data issues relevant to a specific deployment, see the individual headers. In general: SBE data: Standard Sea-Bird limitations apply - estimated accuracy 0.02 deg C, 0.0012 S/m (corresponding to 0.02 psu), and < 1 db. - see header files for difference between pre and post calibration which are usually 0.03 psu or greater. - Note that post-calibrations on the SBE16s suggests salinity sensor drift during deployment of between 0.02 and 0.1psu, and this should be considered if post calibrations are not available - Note also that clogging of the salinity cell during deployment will not be captured by the post calibration and thus generally ends of records should be suspected for anomalously low salinities, especially if the SBE is not mounted vertical. ADCP data: Standard RDI limitations apply - estimated accuracy ~ 0.5 cm/s for water velocities (~100 pings per ensemble) Estimated errors (given in the files) vary with bin and time ~ 1 cm/s for ice velocities (2 or 5 pings per ensemble) Estimated errors (given in the files) vary with time ~ 1 deg in direction (see header files) Range to ice - accurate to 1% of range to surface (i.e. ~ 0.4 m) ~ 0.4 deg C in temperature Note that ADCP range measurements are not corrected for pitch and roll. For full discussion and correction, see: Woodgate and Holroyd, 2011, included in archive. Optical Sensor Data: These unmodified records are included, although no quality control of the data has been performed, as noted in the header files. This leaves final judgments about record quality to the user. 14) Grant numbers: Mooring sponsorship came from - Office of Naval Research (ONR) ONR N00014-13-1-0468 PI: Woodgate 15) Sample repository locations: National Ocean Data Center (http://www.nodc.noaa.gov) University of Washington (http://psc.apl.washington.edu/HLD) ============================================================================== FILE LISTING ============= Total number of files: 106 including 4 subdirectories Size Name (kb) ---- ---- = Metadata file (1 file) 24 Bering_Strait_Moorings_2013-2014_ONR_ReadMe.txt = Cruise reports (2 files) and 1 technical note (1 file) 6676 BeringStrait2013CruiseReport_Norseman2_3rdAug2013_wEL.pdf 10536 BeringStrait2014CruiseReport_Norseman2_13thDec2014_withEL.pdf 1812 WoodgateandHolroyd2011_BTrangeCorrection.pdf = ISCAT data (4 files) - 2 ICLog*.pre of pre calibrated logger data - 1 ICsbe37*.ppp pre-post calibrated SBE37 data - 1 ICsbe37*.asc raw SBE37 data 1008 BeringStrait_2013_A2_ICLog24_10591.pre 1172 BeringStrait_2013_A4_ICLog21_8965.pre 8752 BeringStrait_2013_A3_ICsbe37_5591.ppp 5560 BeringStrait_2013_A3_ICsbe37_5591raw.asc = SBE16 (6 files) - 3 .hex files of raw data - 3 .ppp files of pre-post calibrated data (see also con file directory) 724 BeringStrait_2013_A2_sbe16_1700.ppp 176 BeringStrait_2013_A2_sbe16_1700raw.hex 724 BeringStrait_2013_A3_sbe16_1698.ppp 176 BeringStrait_2013_A3_sbe16_1698raw.hex 724 BeringStrait_2013_A4_sbe16_1224.ppp 176 BeringStrait_2013_A4_sbe16_1224raw.hex = SBE16plus with optics (2 files) - 2 .hex files of raw data (see also con file directory) 332 BeringStrait_2013_A2_sbe16opt_4112raw_atangle.hex 312 BeringStrait_2013_A3_sbe16opt_7052raw_atangle.hex .. and the 4 subdirectories, One subdirectory of SBE .con calibration files ./BeringStrait_2013_SBEconfiles - 8 calibration files for SBEs 8 sbe16_1224posOct14.con 8 sbe16_1224preDec12.con 8 sbe16_1698posOct14.con 8 sbe16_1698preDec12.con 8 sbe16_1700posOct14.con 8 sbe16_1700preNov12.con 8 sbe16p_4112preSep10.con 8 sbe16p_7052preApr12.con Three subdirectories of ADCP data, naming conventions as described above: ./BeringStrait_2013_A2_adcp2234: 4056 BeringStrait_2013_A2_02234.btm 2092 BeringStrait_2013_A2_02234.ins 28 BeringStrait_2013_A2_02234_ADCPdeploytests.txt 11624 BeringStrait_2013_A2_02234_ADCPraw.000 16 BeringStrait_2013_A2_02234_ADCPrecoverytests.txt 3056 BeringStrait_2013_A2_02234_bin01.rdat 3056 BeringStrait_2013_A2_02234_bin02.rdat 3056 BeringStrait_2013_A2_02234_bin03.rdat 3056 BeringStrait_2013_A2_02234_bin04.rdat 3056 BeringStrait_2013_A2_02234_bin05.rdat 3056 BeringStrait_2013_A2_02234_bin06.rdat 3056 BeringStrait_2013_A2_02234_bin07.rdat 3056 BeringStrait_2013_A2_02234_bin08.rdat 3056 BeringStrait_2013_A2_02234_bin09.rdat 3056 BeringStrait_2013_A2_02234_bin10.rdat 3056 BeringStrait_2013_A2_02234_bin11.rdat 3056 BeringStrait_2013_A2_02234_bin12.rdat 3056 BeringStrait_2013_A2_02234_bin13.rdat 3056 BeringStrait_2013_A2_02234_bin14.rdat 3056 BeringStrait_2013_A2_02234_bin15.rdat 3056 BeringStrait_2013_A2_02234_bin16.rdat 3056 BeringStrait_2013_A2_02234_bin17.rdat 3056 BeringStrait_2013_A2_02234_bin18.rdat 3056 BeringStrait_2013_A2_02234_bin19.rdat 3056 BeringStrait_2013_A2_02234_bin20.rdat 3056 BeringStrait_2013_A2_02234_bin21.rdat 3056 BeringStrait_2013_A2_02234_bin22.rdat ./BeringStrait_2013_A3_adcp2332: 4052 BeringStrait_2013_A3_02332.btm 2092 BeringStrait_2013_A3_02332.ins 28 BeringStrait_2013_A3_02332_ADCPdeploytests.txt 11716 BeringStrait_2013_A3_02332_ADCPraw.000 16 BeringStrait_2013_A3_02332_ADCPrecoverytests.txt 3056 BeringStrait_2013_A3_02332_bin01.rdat 3056 BeringStrait_2013_A3_02332_bin02.rdat 3056 BeringStrait_2013_A3_02332_bin03.rdat 3056 BeringStrait_2013_A3_02332_bin04.rdat 3056 BeringStrait_2013_A3_02332_bin05.rdat 3056 BeringStrait_2013_A3_02332_bin06.rdat 3056 BeringStrait_2013_A3_02332_bin07.rdat 3056 BeringStrait_2013_A3_02332_bin08.rdat 3056 BeringStrait_2013_A3_02332_bin09.rdat 3056 BeringStrait_2013_A3_02332_bin10.rdat 3056 BeringStrait_2013_A3_02332_bin11.rdat 3056 BeringStrait_2013_A3_02332_bin12.rdat 3056 BeringStrait_2013_A3_02332_bin13.rdat 3056 BeringStrait_2013_A3_02332_bin14.rdat 3056 BeringStrait_2013_A3_02332_bin15.rdat 3056 BeringStrait_2013_A3_02332_bin16.rdat 3056 BeringStrait_2013_A3_02332_bin17.rdat 3056 BeringStrait_2013_A3_02332_bin18.rdat 3056 BeringStrait_2013_A3_02332_bin19.rdat 3056 BeringStrait_2013_A3_02332_bin20.rdat 3056 BeringStrait_2013_A3_02332_bin21.rdat 3056 BeringStrait_2013_A3_02332_bin22.rdat ./BeringStrait_2013_A4_adcp2232: 4056 BeringStrait_2013_A4_02232.btm 2092 BeringStrait_2013_A4_02232.ins 20 BeringStrait_2013_A4_02232_ADCPdeploytests.txt 11628 BeringStrait_2013_A4_02232_ADCPraw.000 16 BeringStrait_2013_A4_02232_ADCPrecoverytests.txt 3056 BeringStrait_2013_A4_02232_bin01.rdat 3056 BeringStrait_2013_A4_02232_bin02.rdat 3056 BeringStrait_2013_A4_02232_bin03.rdat 3056 BeringStrait_2013_A4_02232_bin04.rdat 3056 BeringStrait_2013_A4_02232_bin05.rdat 3056 BeringStrait_2013_A4_02232_bin06.rdat 3056 BeringStrait_2013_A4_02232_bin07.rdat 3056 BeringStrait_2013_A4_02232_bin08.rdat 3056 BeringStrait_2013_A4_02232_bin09.rdat 3056 BeringStrait_2013_A4_02232_bin10.rdat 3056 BeringStrait_2013_A4_02232_bin11.rdat 3056 BeringStrait_2013_A4_02232_bin12.rdat 3056 BeringStrait_2013_A4_02232_bin13.rdat 3056 BeringStrait_2013_A4_02232_bin14.rdat 3056 BeringStrait_2013_A4_02232_bin15.rdat 3056 BeringStrait_2013_A4_02232_bin16.rdat 3056 BeringStrait_2013_A4_02232_bin17.rdat 3056 BeringStrait_2013_A4_02232_bin18.rdat 3056 BeringStrait_2013_A4_02232_bin19.rdat 3056 BeringStrait_2013_A4_02232_bin20.rdat 3056 BeringStrait_2013_A4_02232_bin21.rdat 3056 BeringStrait_2013_A4_02232_bin22.rdat +++++++++ END OF FILE LISTING ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++