#ACCESSION NUMBER:
0138581

#CONTRIBUTOR(S), INSTITUTE(S), CONTACT INFORMATION:
Kurt Rosenberger 
US Geological Survey
Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center
400 Natural Bridges Drive
Santa Cruz, CA 95060
Phone: 831-460-7535
Fax: 831-427-4748
email: krosenberger@usgs.gov

#ORIGINATOR(S), INSTITUTE(S), CONTACT INFORMATION:
Curt D. Storlazzi
US Geological Survey
Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center
400 Natural Bridges Drive
Santa Cruz, CA 95060
Phone: 831-460-7521
Fax: 831-427-4748
email: cstorlazzi@usgs.gov

#TITLE: 
Current, wave, temperature, salinity, and turbidity data from
moorings and bottom-mounted instruments in Pelekane and 
Kawaihae Bays, Hawaii 2010-11 to 2011-03 (NCEI Accession 0138581)

#ABSTRACT: 
Spatial and temporal measurements of meteorologic, oceanographic, 
and sedimentological data were made during the 2010-2011 winter 
in Pelekane and Kawaihae Bays, on the Kohala coast of the 
northwest side of the Island of Hawaii. This data set
consists of the oceanographic measurements at depths of 2 
to 15 m made by the US Geological Survey.

Bottom-mounted oceanographic instrument packages were deployed 
along the 5-m and 15-m isobaths, as well as a cross-shore array 
in the central region of Kawaihae Bay. This cross-shore
array included three bottom-mounted oceanographic instrument 
packages on the 2-m, 5-m, and 15-m isobaths, and two moorings 
on the 5-m and 15-m isobaths. 

#PURPOSE:  
To describe and assess circulation and sediment dynamics in the 
area. 

#PROJECT:
Coastal circulation and sediment dynamics in Pelekane
and Kawaihae Bays, Hawaii: measurements of waves, 
currents, temperature, salinity, turbidity, and
geochronology: November 2010–March 2011

#FUNDING:
This work was carried out as part of the U.S. Geological Survey’s 
(USGS) Coral Reef Project in support of a larger effort in the 
U.S. and its trust territories to better understand the effect 
of geologic processes on coral reef systems. The work was funded 
by the USGS Coastal and Marine Geology Program (CMGP) and through 
a grant from the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric 
Administration’s (NOAA) Hawaiian Coral Reef Initiative, 
“Impact of Land-derived Sediment on the Coral Reef Ecosystem 
of Pelekane Bay, Hawaii,” which was awarded to Paul Jokiel 
(University of Hawaii Institute for Marine Biology), Mike Field (USGS),
and Curt Storlazzi (USGS). 

#LOCATION EXTREMES:
SOUTHERNMOST LATITUDE:  19.98671
SOUTHERNMOST LATITUDE HEMISPHERE: N
NORTHERNMOST LATITUDE:  20.02923
NORTHERNMOST LATITUDE HEMISPHERE: N
WESTERNMOST LONGITUDE: -155.836
WESTERNMOST LONGITUDE HEMISPHERE: W 
EASTERNMOST LONGITUDE: -155.824
EASTERNMOST LONGITUDE HEMISPHERE: W  

#LOCATION KEYWORDS: 
North Pacific
Hawaii
Island of Hawaii
Kohala
Pelekane Bay
Kawaihae Bay

#SAMPLING STATIONS: 
eight stations
see ../0-data/Pelekane2010MooringLogs.xlsx
or  ../1-data/Pelekane2010MooringLogs_Moorings.csv

#BEGIN AND END DATES: 
2010-11-04 to 2011-03-09

#SAMPLING PERIODS:
time series, high frequency sampling (2 Hz)

#PARAMETERS: 
depth (m)
Average Echo Intensity (AGC)
Distance of bin off instrument head
CURRENT SPEED (CM/S) 
CURRENT DIRECTION (T)
Eastward Velocity (m/s)
Northward Velocity (m/s)
Vertical Velocity (m/s)
Error Velocity (m/s)
Average Echo Intensity (AGC)
Percent Good Pings
range from instrument head to boundary
instrument Transducer Temp. (C)
SOUND VELOCITY (M/S)
INST Heading         
INST Pitch            
INST Roll             
Pressure at Transducer Head
STAND. DEV. (PRESS)     
Burst Number

PRESSURE (DB)
CONDUCTIVITY
TEMPERATURE (C)
SALINITY (PSU)

Turbidity(FTU)
Gain applied to Seapoint OBS Sensor

Significant Wave Height (m)
Mean Wave Period (s)
Maximum Wave Height (m)
Height of the Sea Surface (m)
Peak Wave Period (s)
Peak Wave Direction (degrees North)

Along-Beam Surface Track (mm)
Along-Beam Velocity (mm/s)
Frequency (Hz)
Direction (degrees)
Directional Wave Energy Spectrum (mm^2/Hz/degree)
beginning of first direction slice, degrees
Pressure-derived Non-directional Wave Height Spectrum (mm/sqrt(Hz))
Surface-derived Non-directional Wave Height Spectrum (mm/sqrt(Hz))
Velocity-derived Non-directional Wave Height Spectrum (mm/sqrt(Hz))

#METHODOLOGY:
Complete description provided in technical report
../0-data/Storlazzi_Pelekane.pdf

Additional documentation pertinent to each station/instrument
can be found in the attributes of the NetCDF files.

Acoustic Doppler Current Profilers (ADCP)
Six upward-looking acoustic Doppler current profilers (ADCPs) were 
mounted on MiniProbes (MPs) along the 2-m, 5-m, and 15-m isobaths in 
Pelekane and Kawaihae Bays.  The ADCPs deployed on the 15-m isobath 
and collected data for 50 s at 2 Hz every 15 min, measuring mean
current speeds (m/s), and mean current directions (given as “going 
to,” in degrees clockwise from true north, deg True) from 1.5 m 
above the sea floor up to the surface in 1-m bins, to allow 
calculation of tidal heights (given in m). Directional wave 
data were recorded for 1024 s at 2 Hz every hour; these data 
included significant wave height (m), dominant wave period (s), 
mean wave direction (deg True), and directional spread (deg). The 
ADCPs deployed along the 2-m and 5-m isobaths collected data for 
480 s at 2 Hz every 15 min, in 0.5-m bins from 1.0 m above
the sea floor up to the surface. Directional wave data were 
recorded by a setup similar to those used with the ADCPs deployed 
along the 5-m and 15-m isobaths. Acoustic backscatter data (dB)
collected from the ADCPs for the current measurements also provide 
information on the volume of particulates scattering the acoustic 
signals in the water column and are used as a qualitative
measurement of turbidity. 

Turbidity Sensors (SLOBS)
Eight self-logging optical backscatter sensors (SLOBS) collected 
8 samples every 5 minutes to measure turbidity in Nephelometric 
Turbidity Units (NTU). The SLOBSs were mounted on all of the MPs 
above the ADCPs so that the turbidity data could be correlated 
with co-located ADCP acoustic backscatter data using the
methodology described in Storlazzi and Jaffe (2008). 
The SLOBSs on the 5-m and 15-m moorings were mounted at the
same depth as the CT sensors to correlate the two data sets.

Conductivity and Temperature (CT) Sensors
Four conductivity and temperature (CT) sensors collected and 
averaged four samples every 5 min to measure water temperature 
(°C) and conductivity (S/m), from which salinity in Practical 
Salinity Units (PSU) was calculated. The rapid sampling rate 
was established in an attempt to record internal tidal bores, 
non-linear internal waves, and transient freshwater plumes 
and/or submarine groundwater discharge that may have been
advected past the instruments. Two conductivity and temperature 
sensors were deployed at the top of the moorings along the 5-m 
and 15-m isobaths in a cross-shore array to examine the
dispersion of any freshwater plumes generated by stream flow 
into the bays.  The other two CT sensors were mounted just 
above the sea floor at the Central 5-m and South 5-m MPs.

Quality Control
The data generally appeared to be of high quality.  The ADCP 
at the Central 2-m site was damaged, and as a result, the current 
data were not of sufficient quality to be included in this report. 
A series of large-wave events in late January to early February 
2011 moved and/or buried some of the instruments deployed on 
the seabed, reducing the quality of some of the pressure, wave, 
current, and conductivity data.  Some of the SLOBSs’ optical 
sensors began to foul because of biologic growth and wiper 
failure toward the end of the deployment.  

#INSTRUMENT TYPES:
see ../0-data/Pelekane2010MooringLogs.xlsx
or  ../1-data/xlsx/Pelekane2010MooringLogs_Instruments.csv

Aquatec SLOBS turbidity sensor
Nortek AWAC ADCP
Nortek Aquadopp Profiler
Teledyne RDI Workhorse ADCP
Seabird CTD SBE-37S1

#REFERENCES: 
Storlazzi, C.D., and Jaffe, B.E., 2008, The relative 
contribution of processes driving variability in flow, 
shear, and turbidity over a fringing coral reef—West 
Maui, Hawaii: Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 
v. 77, no. 4, p. 549–564.

Curt D. Storlazzi, Michael E. Field, M. Katherine Presto, 
Peter W. Swarzenski, Joshua B. Logan, Thomas E. Reiss, 
Timothy C. Elfers, Susan A. Cochran, Michael E.  Torresan, and 
Hank Chezar, 2012. Coastal Circulation and Sediment Dynamics in 
Pelekane and Kawaihae Bays, Hawaii Measurements of waves, 
currents, temperature, salinity, turbidity, and geochronology: 
November 2010–March 2011. Open-File Report 2012-1264 U.S. 
Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey, 
Santa Cruz, CA. 111 pp.

#SUBMITTING MEDIUM:
FTP

#DIRECTORY ORGANIZATION, FILE NAMES AND FORMATS:
directory 0-data/    Files as provided by originators
directory 1-data/    Files generated by NCEI

Metadata:
  File: Pelekane2010MooringLogs.xlsx
  format: Microsoft Excel worksheet
  sheet name: Moorings
  contents: Mooring ID, site, location coordinates, platform type,
          water depth, deployment and recovery dates
  sheet name: Instruments
  contents: specifics about the instruments and configurations

  Comma-separated version (CSV) text file exports in data/1-data/xlsx:
  sheet 1: Pelekane2010MooringLogs_Moorings.csv
  sheet 2: Pelekane2010MooringLogs_Moorings_Instruments.csv

  File: Storlazzi_Pelekane.pdf
  format: Adobe Acrobat Document (pdf/A)
  content: technical report (Storlazzi et. al 2012, see References)

Data:
  Format: NetCDF
  Notes: NOAA/PMEL EPIC convention for naming and file structure for 
    the netCDF files. Time is true Julian day, in two vectors, time 
    and time2, the first being the day, and the second being the time 
    in milliseconds elapsed for the given day.
  Metadata: text header dump (ncdump -h) for all files was done with
    output placed in data/1-data/nc and data/1-data/cdf for the
    *.nc and *.cdf files, respectively.
  Filenaming convention:
    <site code><instrument> <dot> <nc or cdf>
     For site codes, see Pelekane2010MooringLogs.xlsx, sheet 1 or
      data/1-data/xlsx/Pelekane2010MooringLogs_Moorings.csv
     Instrument codes:
      aw-cal: Nortek AWAC ADCP
      aq: Aquatec Aqaulogger
      mc: Seabird SBE-37 CTD Microcat
      wh: Teledyne RDI ADCP Workshorse, currents, ancillary data
      Wvs: Teledyne RDI ADCP Workhorse, pressure and wave data
         -p-cal: contains the wave statistics output by RDI WavesMon
         -r-cal: raw burst velocity and pressure data from the ADCP
         -s-cal: full directional spectra, again from WavesMon
      
#DATASET SIZE:
542.7 mbytes

#NUMBER OF DATA UNITS:
eight stations