The text below was taken from technical report 91-2 of the Gradulate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island. The original report was prepared with LaTeX, but the LaTeX command was removed here along with all the figures. After the publication of the report, some of the data processing procedures were improved and were applied to the data. The data set here is the most recent version but the report and this file here does not reflect these improvements and the resulting changes in data statistics. GRADUATE SCHOOL OF OCEANOGRAPHY UNIVERSITY OF RHODE ISLAND NARRAGANSETT, RHODE ISLAND THE SYNOP EXPERIMENT: Inverted Echo Sounder Data Report for Jun 1989 to Sep 1990 GSO Technical Report No. 91-2 by Erik Fields and D. Randolph Watts March 1991 This research program has been sponsored by the National Science Foundation under grant number OCE87-17144 and by the Office of Naval Research under contracts N00014-90J-1568 and N00014-90J-1548. The SYNoptic Ocean Prediction experiment (SYNOP) was undertaken with the goal that increased understanding of the Gulf Stream obtained through coordinated observations could be integrated with numerical models, including predictive models of the Gulf Stream. Our moored experiment, which began in fall of 1987, consisted of two separate arrays in the Gulf Stream as part of the SYNOP program. The ``Inlet'' array of inverted echo sounders (IES) and deep current meters measured key parameters that describe the variability of the Gulf Stream and deep western boundary current (DWBC) near Cape Hatteras. In this region the Gulf Stream first flows into deeper water and crosses over the DWBC. The ``Central'' array of IESs, in a 350 km square centered on the Gulf Stream near 68 W, monitored the thermocline structure of the Gulf Stream in the region of large meanders and frequent interactions with rings. The array also contained thirteen tall current meter moorings, that reached into the Gulf Stream core. Additionally the IESs in the interior of the array were outfitted with bottom pressure recorders (PIES). IES data recovered during the summer of 1990, from the ``Year 3'' deployment period, is documented here by plots and tables of basic statistics and pertinent deployment information. Altogether 32 IES records are presented, plus pressure records at 12 sites. The echo sounders were recovered during a cruise aboard the R/V Endeavor, EN216 (4-Aug-90 to 5-Sep-90). The IESs had been deployed the previous summer during cruises on the R/V Oceanus, OC207 (26-May-89 to 21-Jun-89) and OC210 (8-Aug-89 to 1-Sep-89). One IES was exchanged in mid-October 1989 using the R/V Cape Henlopen. The plots are time series of measured travel time, pressure, temperature; the residual pressure; and low-pass filtered records of residual pressure, thermocline depth, and temperature. A brief description of the experiment is given; the standard steps of data processing are discussed along with special processing for several IES records that had different problems. Section 1. Experiment Description and Data Processing 1.1 Introduction In the region northeast of Cape Hatteras, NC, the Gulf Stream has large time-varying meanders. The current shifts within an envelope that grows downstream to several times the instantaneous width of the Gulf Stream itself, and it frequently interacts with powerful currents in eddies adjacent to the Gulf Stream. Fundamental questions remain regarding the dynamics and energy balances governing the meandering. A multi-investigator research effort, SYNoptic Ocean Prediction (SYNOP) Experiment, is being conducted to understand the physics of, and test predictive models of these energetic processes. Our field program has now completed a three-year deployment of arrays of inverted echo sounders with bottom pressure gauges and 28-month deployment of high-performance current meter moorings, reaching into the core of the Gulf Stream. The arrays are specifically designed for our objectives to understand the structure and energy exchanges associated with Gulf Stream variability throughout an extensive region where meanders are large and frequent interactions with eddies occur. There have been two study areas, an ``Inlet Array'' and ``Central Array'', as detailed below, in which inverted echo sounders were deployed for 34 months. The IES records of the ``Year 3'' deployment period for both arrays (Summer 1989 -- Summer 1990) are the subject of this report. Using data from current meters, inverted echo sounders (IESs) and IES/bottom pressure sensor combinations (PIESs), we intend to determine how the path and structure of the Gulf Stream evolve, both according to its internal dynamics and instabilities, and as affected by eddies in the adjacent regions. The main objective of our program is a more complete, fundamentally improved dynamical understanding of the Gulf Stream and its variability. From this understanding the longer term goal is to guide and test a predictive modeling capability for the Gulf Stream. IES data in this report were recovered during the summer of 1990 during a cruise aboard the R/V Endeavor, EN216 (4-Aug-90 to 5-Sep-90). One IES had been exchanged in October 1989, and the record recovered at that time is included in this report. The data are presented in plots of travel times, thermocline depth measurements, and for IES's with additional sensors, bottom pressure and temperature. Basic statistics for those records and pertinent deployment information are given in tables. In addition to the records presented here, data were received throughout the deployment from five telemetry IESs (TIESs) in the inlet array. The TIESs and associated moorings were deployed during a cruise aboard the R/V Oceanus, OC210, in Aug 1989. Figure 1. [Array locations and instrument sites] Mooring and IES sites. In the inlet array `X's denote deep current meter moorings; in the central array they indicate tall current meter moorings. IES locations are marked by boxes. The dashed curve indicates the mean path of the Gulf Stream (1975 to 1986) from Gilman and Cornillon (1990). 1.2 Instrument Sites and Naming Conventions The ``Inlet Array'', near Cape Hatteras, consisted of three instrumented lines designated A--C. The ``Central Array'' centered on the Gulf Stream about 68 W had five instrument lines, F--J. Both arrays are shown in Figure 1. The instrument naming convention is to specify the line and the relative position in the line (increasing seaward from the shelf) prefixed by the type of instrument and year of recovery. For example PIES90H3 would refer to the third instrument, a PIES, in the H line, for the deployment year of 1990. Tables 1 and 2 list the site postions and times, and Figure 2 illustrates their respective deployment periods. There were nine instruments in the Inlet Array. IESs there that additionally telemetered data are referred to as TIESs. The five TIESs were B2--B5 and C2. There were 24 instruments in the Central Array. Twelve of these contained bottom pressure recorders and are referred to as PIESs. Table 1. Site Locations and Data Returns for The Inlet Array site lat(N) lon(W) 1st point last point notes IES90A1 35 12.32 74 43.91 13-Aug-89 02-Sep-90 IES90A2 34 58.18 74 24.53 11-Aug-89 02-Sep-90 obstruction by DSL IES90B1 35 45.13 74 27.90 10-Jun-90 01-Sep-90 TIES90B2 35 37.01 74 13.82 lost stuck on bottom TIES90B3 35 30.07 74 03.40 10-Aug-90 02-Sep-90 TIES90B4 35 20.75 73 50.60 11-Aug-90 02-Sep-90 TIES90B5 35 12.13 73 39.66 11-Aug-90 02-Sep-90 IES90C1 36 04.57 73 56.84 12-Jun-90 03-Sep-90 TIES89C2 35 46.15 73 33.00 12-Aug-89 17-Oct-89 Cape Henlopen turn around TIES90C2 35 46.22 73 32.75 17-Oct-89 03-Sep-90 Table 2. Site Locations and Data Returns for The Central Array site lat(N) lon(W) 1st point last point notes IES90F1 37 56.96 69 58.19 05-Jun-89 20-Aug-90 IES90F2 37 24.62 69 46.59 14-Aug-89 19-Aug-90 IES90F3 36 42.08 69 33.92 lost faulty release IES90G1 38 37.63 69 25.39 27-May-89 20-Aug-90 tape errors PIES90G2 37 47.84 69 24.31 05-Jun-89 20-Aug-90 PIES90G3 37 16.99 69 14.71 29-May-90 19-Aug-90 IES90G4 36 33.00 68 39.96 17-Jun-89 09-Aug-90 IES90H1 38 59.85 68 39.92 02-Jun-89 15-Aug-90 PIES90H2 38 37.78 68 54.90 15-Aug-89 11-Aug-90 PIES90H3 38 10.09 68 43.65 15-Aug-89 15-Aug-90 PIES90H4 37 39.57 68 35.35 15-Aug-89 18-Aug-90 high scatter PIES90H5 37 10.23 68 17.83 25-Nov-89 17-Aug-90 no echos,1st 3 months lost PIES90H6 36 39.35 68 15.70 04-Jun-89 09-Aug-90 unexpected reset IES90H7 36 24.92 67 47.81 16-Aug-89 09-Aug-90 PIES90I1 38 47.58 68 06.25 30-May-89 30-Jul-89 no echos, 3 months good PIES90I2 38 19.68 67 58.71 01-Jun-89 16-Aug-90 PIES90I3 37 47.61 67 58.85 06-Jun-89 10-Aug-90 PIES90I4 37 18.88 67 39.58 16-Jun-89 16-Aug-90 PIES90I5 36 50.19 67 27.36 03-Jun-89 08-Aug-90 IES90J1 39 10.05 67 47.20 31-May-89 12-Aug-90 IES90J2 38 45.90 67 21.03 31-May-89 11-Aug-90 IES90J3 38 09.69 67 10.37 07-Jun-89 10-Aug-90 IES90J4 37 38.77 67 00.65 07-Jun-89 10-Aug-90 IES90J5 36 00.68 66 57.86 16-Jun-89 08-Aug-90 Figure 2. IES Deployment Chart The deployment periods of the IESs in this report are charted as a thin rectangles. The length of each rectangle and its horizonal position on the time axis, in yearhour at the bottom, provide a calendar of data coverage, first good ping to last. Each large tick is 1000 hr and the smaller ticks denote 100 hr increments. 1.3 Data Recovery Tables 1 and 2 and Figure 2 summarize the data returns from each of the IESs. 32 IESs of 34 were successfully recovered. B2 failed to drop its anchor after accepting the release code. F3 would not accept the release command (but did respond normally to the relocation signal). IES F3 was revisited for its backup time release; the four second beacon was activated on schedule, but the IES remained on the bottom. Some travel time data were lost at sites I1 and H5. Both instruments suffered from maladjusted echo-detectors. IES I1 measured only two months of usable data; the rest was composed of entirely of ``no echos'' (see section 1.6.6). H5 failed to measure an echo for the first three months of its deployment, but later functioned satisfactorily. The temperature record at G3 was degraded as a result of a set of stuck bits in a register. Temperature was counted in steps of 128, fortunately, the effect of decreased resolution on calculating of pressure was negligible (see Section 1.6.3) 1.4 Inverted Echo Sounder Description The IES is an instrument, which is moored one meter above the ocean floor, that monitors the depth of the main thermocline acoustically (Chaplin and Watts 1984). A sample burst of acoustic pulses is transmitted every half hour. A sample burst consists of twenty-four 10 KHz pings at 10 sec intervals. The round trip travel times to the surface and back are recorded on a digital cassette tape within the instrument. For the PIESs, the measured bottom pressure and temperature are also written to tape. Pressure is an average measurement over a half-hour sampling period. For early model PIESs (URI types) the temperature is also an average measurement over a half-hour sample period. Later models (Sea Data types) average temperature for slightly less than one minute. Section 1.5.5 will explain in detail the actual times associated with the various measurements. 1.5 Data Processing All processing steps were done on MicroVAX II and MicroVAX III computers. The basic steps include transcribing, editing, and converting into scientific units. The data processing is accomplished by a series of routines specifically developed for the IES. The steps are outlined below and schematically illustrated in Figure 3. A complete documentation of the data processing programs is in Fields, Tracey, and Watts (1991). Figure 3. IES Data Processing Flowchart [RAW DATA CASSETTES]: Recorded within the instruments. Contain the counts associated with travel time, pressure, and temperature measurements as a series of integer words of varying lengths. [SDR]: Runs the Sea Data Reader which transfers the data from cassettes directly to the MicroVAX for subsequent processing. [BUNS]: Converts the series of integer words of varying lengths into standard length 32-bit integer words. [PUNS]: Produces integer listings and histograms of the travel time sample bursts. Provides an initial look at data quality and travel time distributions. The histogram is used to determine the limits for maximum and minimum acceptable travel times for an initial windowing operation in the following step. The listings are used to establish the first (after launch) and last (before recovery) `on bottom' samples essential for determining the exact time base. [MEMOD]: Establishes the time base. Determines the modal value of the travel time burst as the representative measurement after application of several windowing operations. Converts all travel time, pressure and temperature counts into specific units of seconds, decibars, and degrees Celsius, respectively. [FILL]: Checks for proper incrementation of the time base. Missing samples are inserted using interpolated values. For PIESs the temperature and the pressure are written to separate files with the appropriate time bases. [DETIDE]: From user-supplied tidal constituents specific to each site, determines the tidal contribution to the travel times and removes it from the measured values. [DESPIKE]: Identifies and replaces travel time spikes with interpolated values. [SEACOR]: Removes the effects of seasonal warming and cooling of the surface layers from the travel times. At this stage, plots of the half-hourly pressure, temperature and travel time are generated. [RESPO] : Removes the tides from the pressure records using tidal response analysis (Munk and Cartwright, 1977) to determine the tidal constituents for each record. [DEDRIFT] : Removes long term drifts associated with the pressure sensor and slight imperfection in the IES master clock frequency. [LOW PASS FILTERING]: A 2nd order 40 hr low-pass Butterworth filter is applied forward and backwards to the travel time, residual pressure, and temperature records. The smoothed series are subsampled at six hour intervals centered on 0000Z, 0600Z, 1200Z, and 1800Z (UT), and plotted. The smoothed subsampled travel time is subsequently calibrated to Z . [OBJECTIVE MAPPING]: Produces daily maps of the depth of the Friedlander, 1989. The results of this step are not presented here. Rather, they will be presented in a subsequent data report. 1.5.1 Travel Time Calibration The acoustic travel time (tau) records will be shown in Section 3, Figures 9.1 -- 9.32. Variations in the travel times have been shown to be proportional to variations in the thermocline depth in the Gulf Stream region (Watts and Rossby, 1977; Watts and Wimbush, 1981; Watts and Johns, 1982). For practical purposes the main thermocline depth can be represented by the depth of the 12 C isotherm, Z12, as it is situated near the highest temperature gradients of the main thermocline and correlates well with tau (Rossby, 1969; Watts and Johns, 1982). In previous studies, Z12 was obtained directly from the XBT cast. However, a new method has been developed which takes advantage of the integrative nature of the travel-time measurement to give a more representative measure of the thermocline depth. The new measure, Z12*, should be less succeptible to small, transient perturbations (i.e., internal waves) in the water column than the single-point measurement, Z12. This method consists of calculating Q, the `heat content' (integral of T from 250 meter depth to 750 meter) for each calibration XBT cast; then using Q to determine Z12* from an empirical curve relating Z12 and Q. The curve was established using over 5000 XBT casts in the Gulf Stream region (from NODC archives). At each IES site, XBTs were taken in order to determine the IES's calibration coefficient, B, for converting the travel time into thermocline depth according to the relation: Z12* = M tau + B. M was determined from regressions of all calibration pairs (Z12*, tau) from 1987 to 1990. The regressions showed that the constant value M = -19,800 m/sec was appropriate for all these Gulf Stream sites. The values of B used for each IES are listed in the tables in Section 2. The low-pass filtered travel time records were scaled to the thermocline depths (Z12, dropping the star. Hereafter Z12 is synonymous with Z12*) and these records are shown in Figures 16.1 -- 16.8. Since tau is resolved to 0.1 msec, the 40 HRLP scaled values are therefore resolved to plus/minus 2 m. However, the accuracy of the offset parameter B is estimated to be 19 m for most records, judged from the agreement between the several calibration XBTs taken at each site. Relative to this, the 40 HRLP values are resolved to 2 m. 1.5.2 Temperature Temperatures (Figures 11.1 -- 11.12, 15.1 -- 15.3, 18.1 -- 18.3) were measured using thermistors (Yellow Springs International Corp., model 44032 ) controlled by Sea Data Corp. (model DC-37B) electronics cards installed in the IESs. The thermistor's main purpose is to correct the pressure values for the temperature sensitivity of the transducer. The thermistor is inside the instrument, on the pressure transducer, rather than in the water. However, once the temperature probe has reached equilibrium with the surrounding waters, it also provides accurate measurements of the bottom temperature fluctuations (effectively low-pass filtered with a 2--4 hour e-folding equilibrium time). The first 24 half-hourly points were dropped prior to low-pass filtering, since the temperatures took 12 hours to reach equilibrium within 0.001 C. The accuracy of the temperature measurements is about 0.1 C, and the resolution is 0.0002 C. 1.5.3 Bottom Pressure Digiquartz pressure sensor (models 46K-017, 46K-023, and 76KB-032) manufactured by Paroscientific Inc. were used to measure bottom pressure. All pressure measurements were corrected for the temperature sensitivity of the transducer, using calibration coefficients purchased from the manufacturer. The half-hourly measured bottom pressures (Figures 10.1 -- 10.12) are dominated by the tides, however for some of the instruments, the pressures also drift, O(0.1 dbar/yr), monotonically with time. Processing of the pressure measurements includes removing the long-term drift and tides. Tidal response analysis (Munk and Cartwright, 1977) was used to determine the tidal constituents for each instrument. The calculated tides were then removed from the pressure records. The amplitudes, H (dbar), and phases, G (Greenwich epoch), of the constituents are given in the tables in Section 2. The pressure records were dedrifted in the manner developed by Watts and Kontoyiannis (1990) who have addressed pressure sensor drift and performance. The rate of drift decayed with time and was best approximated by an exponential function of the form, Drift = A * exp{ - lambda/t } + B. A design matrix for the nonlinear least-squares fit would be composed of (exp{-lambda/t, 1). The overdetermined set of equations were solved for coefficients A and B. These coefficients were found subject to the minimization of the rms error of the fit as a function of the decay rate, lambda. Minimization was accomplished using the method of parabolic extrapolation and golden sections (Press et al., 1988) to optimally search for lambda with a minimum of function evaluations (fits). The first 12 hours of pressure were ignored since the crystal's temperature was equilibrating. The drift curves were found from 2-hour subsampled records for computational simplicity. The time of drift was referenced from 1 hour before the first sample on the ocean bottom, i.e. at a time when the instrument was sinking to the sea floor after launch. At a later stage, comparison of geostrophic currents, calculated from adjacent dedrifted pressure sensors versus nearby current meters will be used to verify the dedrift procedure's success. Three of the twelve PIESs showed some sign of drift. Two were identified as exponential (G3 and H6) and one was linear (I5). The linear pressure drift was estimated from the IES clock drift rather than a least-squares fit. The fitted drift parameters are listed for each instrument individually, in the site and record information tables of Section 2. The half-hourly pressures are resolved to 0.001 dbar and the mean pressure is accurate to within 1.5 dbar. We estimate that the residual (drift and tide removed) bottom pressure records, shown in Figures 12.1 -- 12.12 and Figure 14.1 -- 14.3, have an accuracy (relative to their mean pressure) of better than 0.05 dbar (Watts and Kontoyiannis, 1990). The residual bottom pressure records were low-pass filtered and the results are plotted in Figures 17.1 -- 17.3. 1.5.4 Time Base The date and time were assigned to each sampling period. Tables 6 -- 37 in Section 2 report the hours, minutes, and seconds associated with the first and last sampling period. All times are given as Universal Time (UT). For processing convenience, the times were converted into yearhours. A yearhour calendar (Table 3 and 4) lists the yearhours which correspond to 0000 UT of each day for non-leap years. (For leap years, the yearhours can be determined by adding 24 to each day after February 28.) There are a total of 8760 hours in a standard year and 8784 hours in a leap year. The yearhours given in this report are referenced to January 1, 1990 at 00:00:00 UT. Table 3. Yearhour Calendar for Non-Leap Years. Each yearhour listed corresponds to 00:00:00 UT on the specified day. day Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec day 01 0 744 1416 2160 2880 3624 4344 5088 5832 6552 7296 8016 01 02 24 768 1440 2184 2904 3648 4368 5112 5856 6576 7320 8040 02 03 48 792 1464 2208 2928 3672 4392 5136 5880 6600 7344 8064 03 04 72 816 1488 2232 2952 3696 4416 5160 5904 6624 7368 8088 04 05 96 840 1512 2256 2976 3720 4440 5184 5928 6648 7392 8112 05 06 120 864 1536 2280 3000 3744 4464 5208 5952 6672 7416 8136 06 07 144 888 1560 2304 3024 3768 4488 5232 5976 6696 7440 8160 07 08 168 912 1584 2328 3048 3792 4512 5256 6000 6720 7464 8184 08 09 192 936 1608 2352 3072 3816 4536 5280 6024 6744 7488 8208 09 10 216 960 1632 2376 3096 3840 4560 5304 6048 6768 7512 8232 10 11 240 984 1656 2400 3120 3864 4584 5328 6072 6792 7536 8256 11 12 264 1008 1680 2424 3144 3888 4608 5352 6096 6816 7560 8280 12 13 288 1032 1704 2448 3168 3912 4632 5376 6120 6840 7584 8304 13 14 312 1056 1728 2472 3192 3936 4656 5400 6144 6864 7608 8328 14 15 336 1080 1752 2496 3216 3960 4680 5424 6168 6888 7632 8352 15 16 360 1104 1776 2520 3240 3984 4704 5448 6192 6912 7656 8376 16 17 384 1128 1800 2544 3264 4008 4728 5472 6216 6936 7680 8400 17 18 408 1152 1824 2568 3288 4032 4752 5496 6240 6960 7704 8424 18 19 432 1176 1848 2592 3312 4056 4776 5520 6264 6984 7728 8448 19 20 456 1200 1872 2616 3336 4080 4800 5544 6288 7008 7752 8472 20 21 480 1224 1896 2640 3360 4104 4824 5568 6312 7032 7776 8496 21 22 504 1248 1920 2664 3384 4128 4848 5592 6336 7056 7800 8520 22 23 528 1272 1944 2688 3408 4152 4872 5616 6360 7080 7824 8544 23 24 552 1296 1968 2712 3432 4176 4896 5640 6384 7104 7848 8568 24 25 576 1320 1992 2736 3456 4200 4920 5664 6408 7128 7872 8592 25 26 600 1344 2016 2760 3480 4224 4944 5688 6432 7152 7896 8616 26 27 624 1368 2040 2784 3504 4248 4968 5712 6456 7176 7920 8640 27 28 648 1392 2064 2808 3528 4272 4992 5736 6480 7200 7944 8664 28 29 672 2088 2832 3552 4296 5016 5760 6504 7224 7968 8688 29 30 696 2112 2856 3576 4320 5040 5784 6528 7248 7992 8712 30 31 720 2136 3600 5064 5808 7272 8736 31 Table 4. Yearhour Calendar for Non-Leap Years before reference year. Each yearhour listed corresponds to 00:00:00 UT on the specified day. day Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec day 01 -8760 -8016 -7344 -6600 -5880 -5136 -4416 -3672 -2928 -2208 -1464 -744 01 02 -8736 -7992 -7320 -6576 -5856 -5112 -4392 -3648 -2904 -2184 -1440 -720 02 03 -8712 -7968 -7296 -6552 -5832 -5088 -4368 -3624 -2880 -2160 -1416 -696 03 04 -8688 -7944 -7272 -6528 -5808 -5064 -4344 -3600 -2856 -2136 -1392 -672 04 05 -8664 -7920 -7248 -6504 -5784 -5040 -4320 -3576 -2832 -2112 -1368 -648 05 06 -8640 -7896 -7224 -6480 -5760 -5016 -4296 -3552 -2808 -2088 -1344 -624 06 07 -8616 -7872 -7200 -6456 -5736 -4992 -4272 -3528 -2784 -2064 -1320 -600 07 08 -8592 -7848 -7176 -6432 -5712 -4968 -4248 -3504 -2760 -2040 -1296 -576 08 09 -8568 -7824 -7152 -6408 -5688 -4944 -4224 -3480 -2736 -2016 -1272 -552 09 10 -8544 -7800 -7128 -6384 -5664 -4920 -4200 -3456 -2712 -1992 -1248 -528 10 11 -8520 -7776 -7104 -6360 -5640 -4896 -4176 -3432 -2688 -1968 -1224 -504 11 12 -8496 -7752 -7080 -6336 -5616 -4872 -4152 -3408 -2664 -1944 -1200 -480 12 13 -8472 -7728 -7056 -6312 -5592 -4848 -4128 -3384 -2640 -1920 -1176 -456 13 14 -8448 -7704 -7032 -6288 -5568 -4824 -4104 -3360 -2616 -1896 -1152 -432 14 15 -8424 -7680 -7008 -6264 -5544 -4800 -4080 -3336 -2592 -1872 -1128 -408 15 16 -8400 -7656 -6984 -6240 -5520 -4776 -4056 -3312 -2568 -1848 -1104 -384 16 17 -8376 -7632 -6960 -6216 -5496 -4752 -4032 -3288 -2544 -1824 -1080 -360 17 18 -8352 -7608 -6936 -6192 -5472 -4728 -4008 -3264 -2520 -1800 -1056 -336 18 19 -8328 -7584 -6912 -6168 -5448 -4704 -3984 -3240 -2496 -1776 -1032 -312 19 20 -8304 -7560 -6888 -6144 -5424 -4680 -3960 -3216 -2472 -1752 -1008 -288 20 21 -8280 -7536 -6864 -6120 -5400 -4656 -3936 -3192 -2448 -1728 -984 -264 21 22 -8256 -7512 -6840 -6096 -5376 -4632 -3912 -3168 -2424 -1704 -960 -240 22 23 -8232 -7488 -6816 -6072 -5352 -4608 -3888 -3144 -2400 -1680 -936 -216 23 24 -8208 -7464 -6792 -6048 -5328 -4584 -3864 -3120 -2376 -1656 -912 -192 24 25 -8184 -7440 -6768 -6024 -5304 -4560 -3840 -3096 -2352 -1632 -888 -168 25 26 -8160 -7416 -6744 -6000 -5280 -4536 -3816 -3072 -2328 -1608 -864 -144 26 27 -8136 -7392 -6720 -5976 -5256 -4512 -3792 -3048 -2304 -1584 -840 -120 27 28 -8112 -7368 -6696 -5952 -5232 -4488 -3768 -3024 -2280 -1560 -816 -96 28 29 -8088 -6672 -5928 -5208 -4464 -3744 -3000 -2256 -1536 -792 -72 29 30 -8064 -6648 -5904 -5184 -4440 -3720 -2976 -2232 -1512 -768 -48 30 31 -8040 -6624 -5160 -3696 -2952 -1488 -24 31 1.5.5 Note on Sample Times Two PIES models, URI and Sea Data (hereafter SD) were used during this deployment period. The URI models were used at sites G3, H3, and H5; all others were SDs. In Section 2, the URI models are indicated in the tables by serial numbers less than 63 and SDs by serial numbers 63 or greater. The SDs were produced by Sea Data Corporation and designed after the URI model. Figure 4: [Sampling Sequences for URI and Sea Data Model IESs] Sampling Sequences for URI and Sea Data Model IESs. The horizontal length and position of the boxes represent the duration and relative temporal location of the sampling periods, respectively. The center of each box is indicated by a x. Each tick mark on the time axis represents a minute. Although both models measure three variables, travel time, bottom pressure, and temperature, their sampling schemes are different. These are illustrated in Figure 4. Consider a typical 1800 s (0.5 hr) sampling interval. For comparison, it is useful to assign the time 0 s to the instant the previous sample is written to the tape. Then the time 1800 s corresponds to the instant the sample of interest is recorded. For both the URI and SD models, the travel time measurement consists of a burst of 24 pings at 10 s intervals and pressure is measured for the full 1800 s sampling interval. The URI models also measure temperature for the full 1800 s, whereas the temperature interval is reduced to only 56.25 s (a sixty-forth of an hour) in the SD models. The durations and relative temporal positioning of the three types of measurements are illustrated in Figure 4 for both models. The time base assigned to each variable coincides with the center of its measuring interval. In the URI model, since both pressure and temperature are measured for 1800 s, their centers occur at 900 s. The travel time burst actually begins at that time, and thus its center is offset by 115 s. The SD model PIES does its internal bookkeeping and storage to tape in the first 11.25 s of the 1800 s sampling interval. The travel time burst begins after this processing, so its center is located at 126.25 s (i.e. 115 + 11.25 s). The center of the half-hourly pressure measurement will occur at 900 s. The shorter temperature measurement occurs at the end of the 1800 s sampling interval, with its center at 1771.875 s (1800 - 56.25/2 sec). In order to prevent time-basing errors related to these offsets, the travel time, pressure, and temperature were segregated at the FILL step: each variable was written to a separate file with the appropriate time base. In the past, the PIES's variables were separated after the SEACOR step. 1.6 Special Processing 1.6.1 IES90B1 The travel time record at site B1 was degraded by the presence of a deep scattering layer (DSL), which often obscured the surface throughout the deployment (Fig 5). The DSL migrated daily, up to the surface in the evenings (1900 local) and back down below 285 m at dawn (0600 local). This instrument was set to lock out any return echos prior to 2.25 s in order to focus upon the sea-surface echoes at about 2.60 to 2.65 s. Hence, if the DSL migrated too deep, its echos were locked out. During the night, the DSL's movements indicated passive sinking followed by a rapid re-ascent to the surface before the morning's downward migration. Figre 5: [IES record degraded by biology.] A subrecord from IES90B1 illustrates the deep scattering layer. Two sections of the upper plot are expanded to show the diel vertical migration. Date labels are centered at 0000 local time, and ticks are spaced 12 hours apart in the top plot, and 1 hour apart in the lower plots. The lockout depth and the surface are apparent at 0.225 s and 0.650 s, respectively. Data quality oscillated between extremes, good data and no data, on a regular daily pattern. Often, during the day, the DSL traveled below the lockout depth, and the IES was able to sound the surface with little obstruction. The surface returns also tended to be better when the DSL was near the surface; this was likely because DSL was at it's furthest from the IES. Winter seemed to bring a better record, possibly in accordance with decreased biological density in that season. The travel time record required much interpolation, because nearly half of each day was dominated by spurious DSL echos, and 44 of the travel times were replaced. The acoustic wavelength of the IES is about 15 cm (1500 ms / 10khz), so the scatterers must have been larger nekton or a very dense lamina ( 15cm thick) of zooplankton. From the IES record, the DSL thickness was typically over 70 m, which supports the notion of an aggregation of fish rather than zooplankton. The sharp density contrast of a fish's swim bladder makes for a good acoustic scatterer. A DSL composed of mid-water fish was likely what the IES saw (K.Wishner personal communications). In previous deployments, either the detection threshold was lower or the DSL sparser. The daily pattern was not as apparent and the high scatter was attributed to an overly sensitive echo detector. IES89B1 was reexamined more closely and the DSL's migration was recognized. On the bright side, a valuable time series of long-term diel vertical migration was inadvertently collected. Acoustic studies of vertical migration have been of relatively short duration and typically in shallow waters. Prof. K. Wishner intends to use the IES record to calculate useful statistics about vertical migration. 1.6.2 IES90G1 The IES at G1 required special processing because the tape recording system did not work properly. All four tracks of the data cassette had been corrupted. The tape contained 391 overrun flags, 2221 short records, 2475 weak signals, and 5472 parity errors. Only eighty percent of the records were successfully read from tape (99-100% is the norm). The sequence number failed to increment monotonically and got progressively more disordered with time (Fig. 6). Figure 6: [BUNS plots of good and bad recordings.] BUNS plot of G1 and F1. F1 was included here to illustrate a healthy record. Good sequence numbers could usually be distinguished from bad (Table 5), Table 5: A group of consecutive sequence numbers for IES G1. 1 36415 good 2 36417 good 3 4403 4 59957 5 36427 good 6 5619 7 26962 8 35497 9 36439 good 10 36441 good 11 36443 good 12 36445 good 13 35340 because good sequence numbers incremented by multiples of two and were odd valued (URI model IESs have odd sequence number; SD, even). Though, late in the record the good sequence numbers changed from odd to even. In addition to incrementing by multiples two, the ``good'' sequence numbers were assumed to be numerically correct: the sequence number increased by two each half hour from ``final reset'' to ``off'' without fail (with the one exception of the parity change). So ``good'' sequence numbers maintained the time base even with large groups of records absent. Consider Table 5, between the good sequence numbers in relative positions 2 and 9 (in the table) ten records would be expected rather than just six. The assumption that was described above would imply that four records were missing, not recovered from the tape. The sequence number was converted to time at the MEMOD step using the time of final reset as a reference. The FILL program checks for proper incrementation of time and inserts missing records by interpolation. FILL ran successfully, but first it was necessary to attend to many problem areas of the record. The problem areas resulted from sample times that were determined from bad, but properly spaced sequence number pairs. Such problem areas crashed the FILL routine. One of two problems would occur: 1) the number of missing records would exceed an acceptable limit or 2) the bad sample times would correspond to times earlier than those FILL had already processed. These sample times that FILL failed to recognize as bad were ``hand-edited'': the bad records where FILL failed were corrected by hand (in the text editor) to be consistent with surrounding good ones. The change from odd to even sequence numbers posed another problem area, since it violated of the assumption that the sequence number increased properly through out the record. The question of what happened at that point was entwined in the problem of establishing the time base. Fortunately, the ping burst documenting the last good record and the release were not missed. These events marked important time references which in addition to their ``good' sequence numbers, indicated that five ``garbage'' records had been inserted into the record. These ``garbage'' records were conspicuous because they contained only zeros and separated two consecutive ``good'' records. After these zeros-records were removed, a time history was established which was entirely consistent (all events at the proper time, launch and release, first and last good, and reset and off times). For consistency of the time base, an offset of three-quarters of an hour was required after the time of the even/odd change. Arrays within the FILL program were redimensioned to accommodate the large gaps in the record. Several gaps were over a hundred records, however typically hiatuses were less than ten records. A great many records were filled by interpolation; so when plotted, a second trace was visible (Fig. 7) which resulted from interpolating between good data and bad-flag value of of 1.0 sec. Figure 7: Plot of the resulting FILL record. The slightly higher trace results from interpolation between the main trace and the upper bound of 1.0 seconds The time base was corrected for clock drift after FILL (this correction is usually incorporated into the time base at MEMOD), and bad data were replaced at the DESPIKE step. The final record shown in Section 3, Figure 9.12, was remarkably clean considering the original quality of the data. 1.6.3 PIES90G3 The PIES at G3 had a faulty temperature counter. The first seven bits were stuck, so it counted by 128 (Fig. 11.2). For the type of sensor used, pressure is calculated from the temperature and frequency of a quartz crystal; because the least count of G3 temperature was 128 rather than 1, the pressure was affected. The effect on pressure caused by decreased temperature resolution was investigated using a healthy temperature record (PIES90I1). The healthy record was degraded to a steppy one: the counts were integer divided by 128 and then multiplied by 128. The pressure record calculated from the steppy temperature record was compared with the pressure record calculated from the normal smooth temperature record. The difference between the two I1 pressure records indicated that no special processing was necessary. The degradation only introduced a small-amplitude noise of 0.0028 dbar (rms). The resolution appeared to matter little since the temperature was nearly constant near the ocean bottom (for the PIES in the Central Array, standard deviations typically varied between 0.01--0.02 C). Since I1 required no special processing, G3 would not be expected to require any either (additionally, G3's temperature resolution was twice that of I1's; the different resolutions resulted from two different temperature calibrations: one for the URI model IESs and the other for SD models.) 1.6.4 PIES90H3 The temperature record for the H3 PIES was about 1 C higher than expected. At the other sites and at H3 in previous years, the temperature at the bottom has typically been around 2.5 C. PIES90H3's mean temperature was greater than the highest maximum bottom-temperature found in the Central Array. The one degree difference is larger than the accuracy of the thermistor (0.1 C). A bit was assumed to be set that shouldn't have been. For the calibration of H3, 1 C corresponded to 4608 counts, so it seemed possible that the thirteenth bit (4096) had stuck ``on''. After the counts were reduced by 4096 the temperatures agreed with expected bottom temperatures. Though, when the IES was examined in the lab, the thirteenth bit functioned normally. Nevertheless, the 4096 count offset was retained in the final processing. 1.6.5 PIES90H6 The IES at H6 required special attention due to a unexpected reset fifteen days after it was launched. The ``deadman'' (also called the ``watchdog'') sequence must have activated. (The deadman sequence prevents the IES's cpu from latching up indefinitely. The cpu must reset a counter in the deadman circuit on a regular schedule; if it fails to do so the circuit reboots and resets the IES.) The reset in PIES90H6 would have caused a hiccup in the sampling. Sea Data IESs, like H6, record to tape a half hour after sampling. A reset completely restarts the IES, and the previous sample, to be written to tape, is lost. The size of the gap was investigated by considering PIES90H6 to be composed to two records: a 15 day record with samples on the hour and half hour (which was the sample time at launch), and a 416 day record with samples at 19 min 42 sec and 49 min 42 sec after the hour (the sample time at recovery). Since the clock drift (estimated from the difference in the master clock frequency at launch and recovery) was less than two minutes, the sampling intervals were taken to be exactly 0.5 hr. The time base for the subrecord before the reset was established from the time of final reset, the other subrecord was assigned a time base from the last good ping before the off time . The sample times at launch and recovery were different by 19 minutes 42 seconds. The hiatus at the reset was an additional half hour longer than the expected 19 minutes 42 seconds. This suggested that the IES had reset twice: the first reset was unsuccessful and the second one was required before the half-hour sample time elapsed. The short subrecord was interpolated to a sample time consistent with the long subrecord (XX:19:42,XX:49:42). Two samples were inserted to reconcile the two subrecords and form a single continuous record. For temperature and travel time, the inserted records were linearly interpolated. A quadratic form was used for pressure, since the parabola represented the trough-shape of low tide much better than a line. The patch job appeared to be very good. Tidal analysis of the H6 bottom-pressure record gave a phase and amplitude for each of eight major tidal constituents that agreed with those of neighboring pressure records, thus confirming that the time base was correct. Contour maps of phase and amplitude (for the major tidal constituents) across the array were plotted, and the maps were smooth and without aberration at H6. 1.6.6 PIES90H5, PIES90H6, PIES90I1, and PIES90I4 Although no special processing was required for these IESs, they are included in this section to document why they should be used with some caution. After low-pass filtering, these records appeared healthy but were not completely so. Figure 8 illustrates how the final product may not reflect the poor quality of the original raw data. Figure 8: [A degraded record at several processing steps] These plots show a subrecord (PIES90I4) at several processing stages. The quality of the data after low-pass filtering (bottom panel) does not reflect the poor quality of the original record (top). These IESs' travel time measurements were degraded as a result of maladjustment of echo detectors relative to their smaller pinger transducers. Overly sensitive detectors triggered on ambient noise as well as, or instead of, the echo returning from the surface, which caused unusually high scatter. The detection threshold is variable and depends on the ratio of the narrow- to broad-band signal (200 Hz vs. 1000 Hz centered on the out-going 10.24 KHz ping). While this guards against false triggering, it may also exclude good echoes in the presence of intense noise. If the detector fails to receive a suitable echo, a constant value is recorded as a ``no echo'' flag (the flags were 4351 for URI and 4352 for SD). Travel time measurements at I1, I4, H5, and H6 were of notably lower quality characterized by high scatter and long periods of ``no echos''. IES I1 had only two months of usable travel-time record, the rest was composed entirely of ``no echos''. H5 failed to measure an echo for the first three months of its deployment, but afterwards gave a usable record. At the MEMOD step, much of this bad data was identified: the 24 travel time measurements of each burst were ``PUNS'' windowed, ``bin'' windowed, and any ``no echos'' excluded, if less than four echos remained, the mode could not be properly estimated and was taken to be one of the ``PUNS'' window bounds. These bounds were easily distinguished from good data and removed in the DESPIKE step. Large portions of each of these four records were replaced in the DESPIKE processing step (eg. 42% for I4). Section 2. Individual Site and Record Information Tables The tables that follow provide information about the location, dates, and basic statistics of the data records. Each table documents a single instrument deployment. General site information, such as position, bottom depth, and launch and recovery times, is given first. Subsequently, details about the travel time, bottom pressure, temperature and thermocline depth records plotted in Sections 3 -- 5 are tabulated. Tables supply the times associated with the first and last data point of each plot. All yearhours are referenced to January 1, 1990 at 0000 UT. Measurements made during the calendar year prior to the reference date are given as negative yearhours. The first order statistics (minimum, maximum, mean, and standard deviation) are tabulated for the half-hourly and six-hourly low-passed records (40 HRLP) for each variable of standard IES and PIESs. Note that the travel time displayed should not be interpreted as the absolute time required for a signal to make the round trip in 3000 -- 5000m of water. The full round-trip time takes approximately 6 seconds and requires that a minimum of 18 bits be recorded on the internal cassette tape. For storage economy, only the 13 least significant bits are recorded. So, the full-scale range of the variation is approximately 200 msec. If wrapping occurs, it is only at the high or the low end of the window, never more than once around because the full scale variation of the signal is only 50 msec, and consequently it an unambiguous matter to unwrap the record. The variation in travel time is all that is required for subsequent interpretation and calibration against XBTs. After calibration to thermocline depth, the records from all IESs can easily be compared. Site and Record Information for IES90A1 Serial Number: 080 Type of Travel Time Detector: TTC Number of Pings per Sampling: 24 Additional Sensors: None POSITION: 35 12.32 N DEPTH: 2500 m 74 43.91 W DATE UT CRUISE LAUNCH: Aug 13, 1989 1008 OC210 RELEASE: Sep 2, 1990 0337 EN216 TRAVEL TIME RECORDS DATE UT YEARHOUR FIRST DATA POINT: Aug 13, 1989 06:30:54 -3377.4851 LAST DATA POINT: Sep 2, 1990 03:30:54 5859.5151 Number of Points: 18475 Sampling Interval: 0.50 hrs Minimum = 0.145160 s Mean = 0.153347 s Maximum = 0.162660 s Standard Deviation = 0.003472 s 40-HRLP THERMOCLINE DEPTH RECORDS Conversion equation: where B = 3404.00 m tau = Travel Time (sec) with tide temoved DATE UT YEARHOUR FIRST DATA POINT: Aug 14, 1989 06:00:00 -3354.0000 LAST DATA POINT: Sep 1, 1990 06:00:00 5838.0000 Number of Points: 1533 Sampling Interval: 6.0 hrs Minimum = 208.01 m Mean = 367.73 m Maximum = 501.60 m Standard Deviation = 66.82 m Site and Record Information for IES90A2 Serial Number: 057 Type of Travel Time Detector: TTC Number of Pings per Sampling: 24 Additional Sensors: None POSITION: 34 58.18 N DEPTH: 3070 m 74 24.94 W DATE UT CRUISE LAUNCH: Aug 10, 1989 1830 OC210 RELEASE: Sep 2, 1990 0718 EN216 TRAVEL TIME RECORDS DATE UT YEARHOUR FIRST DATA POINT: Aug 11, 1989 02:01:56 -3429.9680 LAST DATA POINT: Sep 2, 1990 06:54:21 5862.9058 Number of Points: 18587 Sampling Interval: 0.50 hrs Minimum = 0.086544 s Mean = 0.093061 s Maximum = 0.104735 s Standard Deviation = 0.002826 s 40-HRLP THERMOCLINE DEPTH RECORDS Conversion equation: where B = 2505.00 m tau = Travel Time (sec) with tide temoved DATE UT YEARHOUR FIRST DATA POINT: Aug 12, 1989 00:00:00 -3408.0000 LAST DATA POINT: Sep 1, 1990 06:00:00 5838.0000 Number of Points: 1542 Sampling Interval: 6.0 hrs Minimum = 450.56 m Mean = 662.24 m Maximum = 762.19 m Standard Deviation = 54.72 m Site and Record Information for IES90B1 Serial Number: 035 Type of Travel Time Detector: TTC Number of Pings per Sampling: 24 Additional Sensors: None POSITION: 35 45.13 N DEPTH:1975 m 74 27.90 W DATE UT CRUISE LAUNCH: Jun 10, 1989 1008 OC207 RELEASE: Sep 1, 1990 0456 EN216 TRAVEL TIME RECORDS DATE UT YEARHOUR FIRST DATA POINT: Jun 10, 1989 11:01:56 -4908.9678 LAST DATA POINT: Sep 1, 1990 04:23:02 5836.3838 Number of Points: 21492 Sampling Interval: 0.50 hrs Minimum = 0.216606 s Mean = 0.224727 s Maximum = 0.230038 s Standard Deviation = 0.002427 s 40-HRLP THERMOCLINE DEPTH RECORDS Conversion equation: where B = 4670.00 m tau = Travel Time (sec) with tide temoved DATE UT YEARHOUR FIRST DATA POINT: Jun 11, 1989 12:00:00 -4884.0000 LAST DATA POINT: Aug 31, 1990 06:00:00 5814.0000 Number of Points: 1784 Sampling Interval: 6.0 hrs Minimum = 129.03 m Mean = 220.61 m Maximum = 354.24 m Standard Deviation = 46.14 m Site and Record Information for TIES90B3 Serial Number: 082 Type of Travel Time Detector: TTC Number of Pings per Sampling: 24 Additional Sensors: None POSITION: 35 30.07 N DEPTH:2960 m 74 03.40 W DATE UT CRUISE LAUNCH: Aug 10, 1989 0932 OC210 RELEASE: Sep 2, 1990 1250 EN216 TRAVEL TIME RECORDS DATE UT YEARHOUR FIRST DATA POINT: Aug 10, 1989 10:16:26 -3445.7261 LAST DATA POINT: Sep 2, 1990 12:46:26 5868.7739 Number of Points: 18630 Sampling Interval: 0.50 hrs Minimum = 0.342946 s Mean = 0.352156 s Maximum = 0.369696 s Standard Deviation = 0.005141 s 40-HRLP THERMOCLINE DEPTH RECORDS Conversion equation: where B = 7533.00 m tau = Travel Time (sec) with tide temoved DATE UT YEARHOUR FIRST DATA POINT: Aug 11, 1989 12:00:00 -3420.0000 LAST DATA POINT: Sep 1, 1990 12:00:00 5844.0000 Number of Points: 1545 Sampling Interval: 6.0 hrs Minimum = 236.75 m Mean = 560.57 m Maximum = 722.87 m Standard Deviation = 101.04 m Site and Record Information for TIES90B4 Serial Number: 078 Type of Travel Time Detector: TTC Number of Pings per Sampling: 24 Additional Sensors: None POSITION: 35 20.75 N DEPTH:3325 m 74 50.60 W DATE UT CRUISE LAUNCH: Aug 11, 1989 1859 OC210 RELEASE: Sep 2, 1990 1551 EN216 TRAVEL TIME RECORDS DATE UT YEARHOUR FIRST DATA POINT: Aug 11, 1989 19:47:31 -3412.2080 LAST DATA POINT: Sep 2, 1990 15:47:31 5871.7920 Number of Points: 18569 Sampling Interval: 0.50 hrs Minimum = 0.046479 s Mean = 0.054428 s Maximum = 0.067147 s Standard Deviation = 0.003803 s 40-HRLP THERMOCLINE DEPTH RECORDS Conversion equation: where B = 1794.00 m tau = Travel Time (sec) with tide temoved DATE UT YEARHOUR FIRST DATA POINT: Aug 12, 1989 18:00:00 -3390.0000 LAST DATA POINT: Sep 1, 1990 18:00:00 5850.0000 Number of Points: 1541 Sampling Interval: 6.0 hrs Minimum = 488.53 m Mean = 716.30 m Maximum = 839.24 m Standard Deviation = 74.61 m Site and Record Information for TIES90B5 Serial Number: 077 Type of Travel Time Detector: TTC Number of Pings per Sampling: 24 Additional Sensors: None POSITION: 35 12.13 N DEPTH:3675 m 73 39.66 W DATE UT CRUISE LAUNCH: Aug 11, 1989 1515 OC210 RELEASE: Sep 2, 1990 1835 EN216 TRAVEL TIME RECORDS DATE UT YEARHOUR FIRST DATA POINT: Aug 11, 1989 16:17:51 -3415.7029 LAST DATA POINT: Sep 2, 1990 18:17:49 5874.2969 Number of Points: 18581 Sampling Interval: 0.50 hrs Minimum = 0.044367 s Mean = 0.052144 s Maximum = 0.059789 s Standard Deviation = 0.002750 s 40-HRLP THERMOCLINE DEPTH RECORDS Conversion equation: where B = 1808.00 m tau = Travel Time (sec) with tide temoved DATE UT YEARHOUR FIRST DATA POINT: Aug 12, 1989 18:00:00 -3390.0000 LAST DATA POINT: Sep 1, 1990 18:00:00 5850.0000 Number of Points: 1541 Sampling Interval: 6.0 hrs Minimum = 644.83 m Mean = 775.48 m Maximum = 898.07 m Standard Deviation = 53.28 m Site and Record Information for IES90C1 Serial Number: 050 Type of Travel Time Detector: TTC Number of Pings per Sampling: 24 Additional Sensors: None POSITION: 36 04.57 N DEPTH:3325 m 75 56.84 W DATE UT CRUISE LAUNCH: Jun 12, 1989 1015 OC207 RELEASE: Sep 3, 1990 0637 EN216 TRAVEL TIME RECORDS DATE UT YEARHOUR FIRST DATA POINT: Jun 12, 1989 11:31:56 -4860.4678 LAST DATA POINT: Sep 3, 1990 06:29:32 5886.4922 Number of Points: 21495 Sampling Interval: 0.50 hrs Minimum = 0.189959 s Mean = 0.204540 s Maximum = 0.214809 s Standard Deviation = 0.005093 s 40-HRLP THERMOCLINE DEPTH RECORDS Conversion equation: where B = 4314.00 m tau = Travel Time (sec) with tide temoved DATE UT YEARHOUR FIRST DATA POINT: Jun 13, 1989 12:00:00 -4836.0000 LAST DATA POINT: Sep 2, 1990 06:00:00 5862.0000 Number of Points: 1784 Sampling Interval: 6.0 hrs Minimum = 84.68 m Mean = 264.37 m Maximum = 538.27 m Standard Deviation = 99.91 m Site and Record Information for TIES89C2 Serial Number: 074 Type of Travel Time Detector: TTC Number of Pings per Sampling: 24 Additional Sensors: None POSITION: 35 46.15 N DEPTH:3450 m 73 33.00 W DATE UT CRUISE LAUNCH: Aug 12, 1989 1717 OC210 RELEASE: Oct 17, 1989 0721 CH TRAVEL TIME RECORDS DATE UT YEARHOUR FIRST DATA POINT: Aug 12, 1989 18:16:49 -3389.7200 LAST DATA POINT: Oct 17, 1989 07:16:49 -1816.7200 Number of Points: 3147 Sampling Interval: 0.50 hrs Minimum = 0.221453 s Mean = 0.232955 s Maximum = 0.242347 s Standard Deviation = 0.004939 s 40-HRLP THERMOCLINE DEPTH RECORDS Conversion equation: where B = 4931.00 m tau = Travel Time (sec) with tide temoved DATE UT YEARHOUR FIRST DATA POINT: Aug 13, 1989 18:00:00 -3366.0000 LAST DATA POINT: Oct 16, 1989 06:00:00 -1842.0000 Number of Points: 255 Sampling Interval: 6.0 hrs Minimum = 149.51 m Mean = 313.70 m Maximum = 522.32 m Standard Deviation = 93.42 m Site and Record Information for TIES90C2 Serial Number: 063 Type of Travel Time Detector: TTC Number of Pings per Sampling: 24 Additional Sensors: None POSITION: 35 46.22 N DEPTH: 3353 m 73 32.75 W DATE UT CRUISE LAUNCH: Oct 17, 1989 1015 CH RELEASE: Sep 3, 1990 0225 EN216 TRAVEL TIME RECORDS DATE UT YEARHOUR FIRST DATA POINT: Oct 17, 1989 10:47:42 -1813.2050 LAST DATA POINT: Sep 2, 1990 22:17:42 5878.2949 Number of Points: 15384 Sampling Interval: 0.50 hrs Minimum = 0.195413 s Mean = 0.204293 s Maximum = 0.216236 s Standard Deviation = 0.003630 s 40-HRLP THERMOCLINE DEPTH RECORDS Conversion equation: where B = 4732.00 m tau = Travel Time (sec) with tide temoved DATE UT YEARHOUR FIRST DATA POINT: Oct 18, 1989 12:00:00 -1788.0000 LAST DATA POINT: Sep 2, 1990 00:00:00 5856.0000 Number of Points: 1275 Sampling Interval: 6.0 hrs Minimum = 477.03 m Mean = 686.33 m Maximum = 834.09 m Standard Deviation = 70.63 m Site and Record Information for IES90F1 Serial Number: 037 Type of Travel Time Detector: TTC Number of Pings per Sampling: 24 Additional Sensors: None POSITION: 37 56.96 N DEPTH: 3900 m 69 58.19 W DATE UT CRUISE LAUNCH: Jun 5, 1989 0906 OC207 RELEASE: Aug 20, 1990 1023 EN216 TRAVEL TIME RECORDS DATE UT YEARHOUR FIRST DATA POINT: Jun 5, 1989 10:16:56 -5029.7178 LAST DATA POINT: Aug 20, 1990 10:09:00 5554.1499 Number of Points: 21169 Sampling Interval: 0.50 hrs Minimum = 0.377775 s Mean = 0.399626 s Maximum = 0.413182 s Standard Deviation = 0.007633 s 40-HRLP THERMOCLINE DEPTH RECORDS Conversion equation: where B = 8226.00 m tau = Travel Time (sec) with tide temoved DATE UT YEARHOUR FIRST DATA POINT: Jun 6, 1989 12:00:00 -5004.0000 LAST DATA POINT: Aug 19, 1990 12:00:00 5532.0000 Number of Points: 1757 Sampling Interval: 6.0 hrs Minimum = 76.88 m Mean = 314.08 m Maximum = 715.71 m Standard Deviation = 150.25 m Site and Record Information for IES90F2 Serial Number: 062 Type of Travel Time Detector: TTC Number of Pings per Sampling: 24 Additional Sensors: None POSITION: 37 24.62 N DEPTH: 4245 m 69 46.59 W DATE UT CRUISE LAUNCH: Aug 14, 1989 0415 OC210 RELEASE: Aug 20, 1990 0006 EN216 TRAVEL TIME RECORDS DATE UT YEARHOUR FIRST DATA POINT: Aug 14, 1989 05:32:00 -3354.4670 LAST DATA POINT: Aug 19, 1990 23:59:49 5543.9971 Number of Points: 17798 Sampling Interval: 0.50 hrs Minimum = 0.030221 s Mean = 0.041120 s Maximum = 0.067455 s Standard Deviation = 0.006076 s 40-HRLP THERMOCLINE DEPTH RECORDS Conversion equation: where B = 1532.00 m tau = Travel Time (sec) with tide temoved DATE UT YEARHOUR FIRST DATA POINT: Aug 15, 1989 06:00:00 -3330.0000 LAST DATA POINT: Aug 19, 1990 00:00:00 5520.0000 Number of Points: 1476 Sampling Interval: 6.0 hrs Minimum = 247.36 m Mean = 718.03 m Maximum = 901.56 m Standard Deviation = 119.94 m Site and Record Information for IES90G1 Serial Number: 036 Type of Travel Time Detector: TTC Number of Pings per Sampling: 24 Additional Sensors: None POSITION: 38 37.63 N DEPTH: 4245 m 69 25.39 W DATE UT CRUISE LAUNCH: May 27, 1989 0811 OC207 RELEASE: Aug 20, 1990 1622 EN216 TRAVEL TIME RECORDS DATE UT YEARHOUR FIRST DATA POINT: May 27, 1989 09:01:56 -5246.9678 LAST DATA POINT: Aug 20, 1990 15:58:30 5559.9751 Number of Points: 21615 Sampling Interval: 0.50 hrs Minimum = 0.061845 s Mean = 0.081119 s Maximum = 0.089505 s Standard Deviation = 0.005441 s 40-HRLP THERMOCLINE DEPTH RECORDS Conversion equation: where B = 1819.00 m tau = Travel Time (sec) with tide temoved DATE UT YEARHOUR FIRST DATA POINT: May 28, 1989 06:00:00 -5226.0000 LAST DATA POINT: Aug 19, 1990 18:00:00 5538.0000 Number of Points: 1795 Sampling Interval: 6.0 hrs Minimum = 84.98 m Mean = 213.09 m Maximum = 581.99 m Standard Deviation = 107.20 m Site and Record Information for PIES90G2 Serial Number: 067 Type of Travel Time Detector: TTC Number of Pings per Sampling: 24 Additional Sensors: Pressure and Temperature Pressure Sensor Serial Number: 33824 POSITION: 37 47.80 N DEPTH: 4088 m 69 24.23 W DATE UT CRUISE LAUNCH: Jun 5, 1989 2000 OC207 RELEASE: Aug 20, 1990 0415 EN216 TRAVEL TIME RECORDS DATE UT YEARHOUR FIRST DATA POINT: Jun 5, 1989 21:16:56 -5018.7178 LAST DATA POINT: Aug 20, 1990 04:19:01 5548.3169 Number of Points: 21135 Sampling Interval: 0.50 hrs Minimum = 0.187813 s Mean = 0.205926 s Maximum = 0.227940 s Standard Deviation = 0.010969 s 40-HRLP THERMOCLINE DEPTH RECORDS Conversion equation: where B = 4553.00 m tau = Travel Time (sec) with tide temoved DATE UT YEARHOUR FIRST DATA POINT: Jun 6, 1989 18:00:00 -4998.0000 LAST DATA POINT: Aug 19, 1990 06:00:00 5526.0000 Number of Points: 1755 Sampling Interval: 6.0 hrs Minimum = 67.26 m Mean = 476.16 m Maximum = 804.49 m Standard Deviation = 216.61 m MEASURED BOTTOM PRESSURE RECORDS DATE UT YEARHOUR FIRST DATA POINT: Jun 5, 1989 21:29:49 -5018.5029 LAST DATA POINT: Aug 20, 1990 04:01:56 5548.0322 Number of Points: 21134 Sampling Interval: 0.50 hrs Minimum = 4140.46 dbar Mean = 4141.43 dbar Maximum = 4142.08 dbar Standard Deviation = 0.39 dbar RESIDUAL BOTTOM PRESSURE RECORDS P_residual = P_measured - MEAN - DRIFT - TIDE DRIFT = 0.0 dbar TIDE were calculated from the following constituents: M2 N2 S2 K2 K1 O1 P1 Q1 H (dbar): 0.42838 0.09871 0.09290 0.02197 0.08285 0.06433 0.02733 0.01379 G : 352.382 331.741 20.558 21.956 177.199 182.775 177.755 183.096 DATE UT YEARHOUR FIRST DATA POINT: Jun 6, 1989 09:29:49 -5006.5029 LAST DATA POINT: Aug 20, 1990 04:01:56 5548.0322 Number of Points: 21110 Sampling Interval: 0.50 hrs Minimum = -0.1439 dbar Mean = -0.0001 dbar Maximum = 0.1597 dbar Standard Deviation = 0.0514 dbar 40HRLP RESIDUAL BOTTOM PRESSURE RECORDS DATE UT YEARHOUR FIRST DATA POINT: Jun 7, 1989 06:00:00 -4986.0000 LAST DATA POINT: Aug 19, 1990 06:00:00 5526.0000 Number of Points: 1753 Sampling Interval: 6.0 hrs Minimum = -0.1150 dbar Mean = -0.0002 dbar Maximum = 0.1405 dbar Standard Deviation = 0.0495 dbar MEASURED BOTTOM TEMPERATURE RECORDS DATE UT YEARHOUR FIRST DATA POINT: Jun 5, 1989 21:44:20 -5018.2612 LAST DATA POINT: Aug 20, 1990 04:16:26 5548.2739 Number of Points: 21134 Sampling Interval: 0.50 hrs Minimum = 2.40 C Mean = 2.44 C Maximum = 2.55 C Standard Deviation = 0.01 C 40HRLP BOTTOM TEMPERATURE RECORDS DATE UT YEARHOUR FIRST DATA POINT: Jun 7, 1989 06:00:00 -4986.0000 LAST DATA POINT: Aug 19, 1990 06:00:00 5526.0000 Number of Points: 1753 Sampling Interval: 6.0 hrs Minimum = 2.407 C Mean = 2.437 C Maximum = 2.522 C Standard Deviation = 0.012 C Site and Record Information for PIES90G3 Serial Number: 055 Type of Travel Time Detector: TTC Number of Pings per Sampling: 24 Additional Sensors: Pressure and Temperature Pressure Sensor Serial Number: 36873 POSITION: 37 16.99 N DEPTH: 4358 m 69 14.71 W DATE UT CRUISE LAUNCH: May 29, 1989 0454 OC207 RELEASE: Aug 19, 1990 0558 EN216 TRAVEL TIME RECORDS DATE UT YEARHOUR FIRST DATA POINT: May 29, 1989 06:01:51 -5201.9692 LAST DATA POINT: Aug 19, 1990 08:28:23 5528.4731 Number of Points: 21462 Sampling Interval: 0.50 hrs Minimum = 0.189146 s Mean = 0.201227 s Maximum = 0.231113 s Standard Deviation = 0.009407 s 40-HRLP THERMOCLINE DEPTH RECORDS Conversion equation: where B = 4664.00 m tau = Travel Time (sec) with tide temoved DATE UT YEARHOUR FIRST DATA POINT: May 30, 1989 06:00:00 -5178.0000 LAST DATA POINT: Aug 18, 1990 12:00:00 5508.0000 Number of Points: 1782 Sampling Interval: 6.0 hrs Minimum = 132.06 m Mean = 679.79 m Maximum = 900.36 m Standard Deviation = 185.95 m MEASURED BOTTOM PRESSURE RECORDS DATE UT YEARHOUR FIRST DATA POINT: May 29, 1989 05:59:56 -5202.0010 LAST DATA POINT: Aug 19, 1990 08:26:27 5528.4409 Number of Points: 21462 Sampling Interval: 0.50 hrs Minimum = 4459.33 dbar Mean = 4460.35 dbar Maximum = 4461.25 dbar Standard Deviation = 0.37 dbar RESIDUAL BOTTOM PRESSURE RECORDS P_residual = P_measured - MEAN - DRIFT - TIDE DRIFT = A exp(-lambda t) + B where t = Time of sample in hours, starting with t = 13.0 hrs for the first data point A = 0.201600 dbar lambda = -0.000732 /hr B = -0.025723 dbar TIDE were calculated from the following constituents: M2 N2 S2 K2 K1 O1 P1 Q1 H (dbar): 0.42800 0.09889 0.09261 0.02189 0.08155 0.06409 0.02687 0.01399 G : 353.004 332.323 21.187 22.543 177.997 183.404 178.489 184.059 DATE UT YEARHOUR FIRST DATA POINT: May 29, 1989 17:59:56 -5190.0010 LAST DATA POINT: Aug 19, 1990 08:26:27 5528.4409 Number of Points: 21438 Sampling Interval: 0.50 hrs Minimum = -0.1982 dbar Mean = 0.0000 dbar Maximum = 0.2007 dbar Standard Deviation = 0.0553 dbar 40HRLP RESIDUAL BOTTOM PRESSURE RECORDS DATE UT YEARHOUR FIRST DATA POINT: May 30, 1989 18:00:00 -5166.0000 LAST DATA POINT: Aug 18, 1990 12:00:00 5508.0000 Number of Points: 1780 Sampling Interval: 6.0 hrs Minimum = -0.1778 dbar Mean = -0.0003 dbar Maximum = 0.1788 dbar Standard Deviation = 0.0536 dbar MEASURED BOTTOM TEMPERATURE RECORDS DATE UT YEARHOUR FIRST DATA POINT: May 29, 1989 06:00:00 -5202.0000 LAST DATA POINT: Aug 19, 1990 08:26:34 5528.4429 Number of Points: 21462 Sampling Interval: 0.50 hrs Minimum = 2.31 C Mean = 2.36 C Maximum = 7.58 C Standard Deviation = 0.04 C Site and Record Information for IES90G4 Serial Number: 076 Type of Travel Time Detector: TTC Number of Pings per Sampling: 24 Additional Sensors: None POSITION: 36 33.00 N DEPTH: 4680 m 68 39.96 W DATE UT CRUISE LAUNCH: Jun 17, 1989 1108 OC207 RELEASE: Aug 9, 1990 0705 EN216 TRAVEL TIME RECORDS DATE UT YEARHOUR FIRST DATA POINT: Jun 17, 1989 12:12:18 -4739.7949 LAST DATA POINT: Aug 9, 1990 06:42:18 5286.7051 Number of Points: 20054 Sampling Interval: 0.50 hrs Minimum = 0.237753 s Mean = 0.250853 s Maximum = 0.278210 s Standard Deviation = 0.007649 s 40-HRLP THERMOCLINE DEPTH RECORDS Conversion equation: where B = 5727.00 m tau = Travel Time (sec) with tide temoved DATE UT YEARHOUR FIRST DATA POINT: Jun 18, 1989 12:00:00 -4716.0000 LAST DATA POINT: Aug 8, 1990 06:00:00 5262.0000 Number of Points: 1664 Sampling Interval: 6.0 hrs Minimum = 245.96 m Mean = 759.87 m Maximum = 992.26 m Standard Deviation = 150.90 m Site and Record Information for IES90H1 Serial Number: 044 Type of Travel Time Detector: TTC Number of Pings per Sampling: 24 Additional Sensors: None POSITION: 38 59.85 N DEPTH: 3255 m 68 39.92 W DATE UT CRUISE LAUNCH: Jun 2, 1989 0513 OC207 RELEASE: Aug 15, 1990 0810 EN216 TRAVEL TIME RECORDS DATE UT YEARHOUR FIRST DATA POINT: Jun 2, 1989 06:02:00 -5105.9668 LAST DATA POINT: Aug 15, 1990 07:58:30 5431.9751 Number of Points: 21077 Sampling Interval: 0.50 hrs Minimum = 0.321447 s Mean = 0.341838 s Maximum = 0.351372 s Standard Deviation = 0.006499 s 40-HRLP THERMOCLINE DEPTH RECORDS Conversion equation: where B = 7020.00 m tau = Travel Time (sec) with tide temoved DATE UT YEARHOUR FIRST DATA POINT: Jun 3, 1989 06:00:00 -5082.0000 LAST DATA POINT: Aug 14, 1990 06:00:00 5406.0000 Number of Points: 1749 Sampling Interval: 6.0 hrs Minimum = 92.06 m Mean = 251.90 m Maximum = 625.19 m Standard Deviation = 128.41 m Site and Record Information for PIES90H2 Serial Number: 071 Type of Travel Time Detector: TTC Number of Pings per Sampling: 24 Additional Sensors: Pressure and Temperature Pressure Sensor Serial Number: 31724 POSITION: 38 37.78 N DEPTH: 3458 m 68 54.90 W DATE UT CRUISE LAUNCH: Aug 15, 1989 1217 OC210 RELEASE: Aug 11, 1990 0709 EN216 TRAVEL TIME RECORDS DATE UT YEARHOUR FIRST DATA POINT: Aug 15, 1989 13:32:21 -3322.4609 LAST DATA POINT: Aug 11, 1990 07:02:21 5335.0391 Number of Points: 17316 Sampling Interval: 0.50 hrs Minimum = 0.193065 s Mean = 0.214549 s Maximum = 0.225445 s Standard Deviation = 0.006998 s 40-HRLP THERMOCLINE DEPTH RECORDS Conversion equation: where B = 4453.00 m tau = Travel Time (sec) with tide temoved DATE UT YEARHOUR FIRST DATA POINT: Aug 16, 1989 12:00:00 -3300.0000 LAST DATA POINT: Aug 10, 1990 06:00:00 5310.0000 Number of Points: 1436 Sampling Interval: 6.0 hrs Minimum = 1.80 m Mean = 204.38 m Maximum = 601.39 m Standard Deviation = 137.62 m MEASURED BOTTOM PRESSURE RECORDS DATE UT YEARHOUR FIRST DATA POINT: Aug 15, 1989 13:45:14 -3322.2461 LAST DATA POINT: Aug 11, 1990 06:45:14 5334.7539 Number of Points: 17315 Sampling Interval: 0.50 hrs Minimum = 3514.75 dbar Mean = 3515.81 dbar Maximum = 3516.38 dbar Standard Deviation = 0.49 dbar RESIDUAL BOTTOM PRESSURE RECORDS P_residual = P_measured - MEAN - DRIFT - TIDE DRIFT = 0.0 dbar TIDE were calculated from the following constituents: M2 N2 S2 K2 K1 O1 P1 Q1 H (dbar): 0.42338 0.09771 0.09392 0.02234 0.08233 0.06376 0.02717 0.01356 G : 352.406 331.618 19.942 21.067 176.062 181.702 176.696 181.465 DATE UT YEARHOUR FIRST DATA POINT: Aug 16, 1989 01:45:14 -3310.2461 LAST DATA POINT: Aug 11, 1990 06:45:14 5334.7539 Number of Points: 17291 Sampling Interval: 0.50 hrs Minimum = -0.1332 dbar Mean = -0.0001 dbar Maximum = 0.1678 dbar Standard Deviation = 0.0437 dbar 40HRLP RESIDUAL BOTTOM PRESSURE RECORDS DATE UT YEARHOUR FIRST DATA POINT: Aug 17, 1989 00:00:00 -3288.0000 LAST DATA POINT: Aug 10, 1990 06:00:00 5310.0000 Number of Points: 1434 Sampling Interval: 6.0 hrs Minimum = -0.1035 dbar Mean = -0.0001 dbar Maximum = 0.1489 dbar Standard Deviation = 0.0417 dbar MEASURED BOTTOM TEMPERATURE RECORDS DATE UT YEARHOUR FIRST DATA POINT: Aug 15, 1989 13:59:46 -3322.0039 LAST DATA POINT: Aug 11, 1990 06:59:46 5334.9961 Number of Points: 17315 Sampling Interval: 0.50 hrs Minimum = 2.28 C Mean = 2.38 C Maximum = 2.60 C Standard Deviation = 0.05 C 40HRLP BOTTOM TEMPERATURE RECORDS DATE UT YEARHOUR FIRST DATA POINT: Aug 17, 1989 00:00:00 -3288.0000 LAST DATA POINT: Aug 10, 1990 06:00:00 5310.0000 Number of Points: 1434 Sampling Interval: 6.0 hrs Minimum = 2.279 C Mean = 2.378 C Maximum = 2.542 C Standard Deviation = 0.049 C Site and Record Information for PIES90H3 Serial Number: 053 Type of Travel Time Detector: TTC Number of Pings per Sampling: 24 Additional Sensors: Pressure and Temperature Pressure Sensor Serial Number: 19327 POSITION: 38 10.09 N DEPTH: 4025 m 68 43.65 W DATE UT CRUISE LAUNCH: Aug 15, 1989 1632 OC210 RELEASE: Aug 15, 1990 2018 EN216 TRAVEL TIME RECORDS DATE UT YEARHOUR FIRST DATA POINT: Aug 15, 1989 17:31:30 -3318.4751 LAST DATA POINT: Aug 15, 1990 20:01:30 5444.0249 Number of Points: 17526 Sampling Interval: 0.50 hrs Minimum = 0.137551 s Mean = 0.158885 s Maximum = 0.175709 s Standard Deviation = 0.011610 s 40-HRLP THERMOCLINE DEPTH RECORDS Conversion equation: where B = 3549.00 m tau = Travel Time (sec) with tide temoved DATE UT YEARHOUR FIRST DATA POINT: Aug 16, 1989 18:00:00 -3294.0000 LAST DATA POINT: Aug 15, 1990 00:00:00 5424.0000 Number of Points: 1454 Sampling Interval: 6.0 hrs Minimum = 93.85 m Mean = 403.45 m Maximum = 797.77 m Standard Deviation = 229.79 m MEASURED BOTTOM PRESSURE RECORDS DATE UT YEARHOUR FIRST DATA POINT: Aug 15, 1989 17:29:35 -3318.5071 LAST DATA POINT: Aug 15, 1990 19:59:35 5443.9932 Number of Points: 17526 Sampling Interval: 0.50 hrs Minimum = 4096.90 dbar Mean = 4097.36 dbar Maximum = 4098.58 dbar Standard Deviation = 0.48 dbar RESIDUAL BOTTOM PRESSURE RECORDS P_residual = P_measured - MEAN - DRIFT - TIDE DRIFT = 0.0 dbar TIDE were calculated from the following constituents: M2 N2 S2 K2 K1 O1 P1 Q1 H (dbar): 0.42509 0.09856 0.09409 0.02238 0.08186 0.06349 0.02701 0.01354 G : 352.763 331.883 20.636 21.775 176.398 182.127 177.095 181.441 DATE UT YEARHOUR FIRST DATA POINT: Aug 16, 1989 05:29:35 -3306.5071 LAST DATA POINT: Aug 15, 1990 19:59:35 5443.9932 Number of Points: 17502 Sampling Interval: 0.50 hrs Minimum = -0.2073 dbar Mean = 0.0001 dbar Maximum = 0.1719 dbar Standard Deviation = 0.0701 dbar 40HRLP RESIDUAL BOTTOM PRESSURE RECORDS DATE UT YEARHOUR FIRST DATA POINT: Aug 17, 1989 06:00:00 -3282.0000 LAST DATA POINT: Aug 14, 1990 18:00:00 5418.0000 Number of Points: 1451 Sampling Interval: 6.0 hrs Minimum = -0.1829 dbar Mean = 0.0001 dbar Maximum = 0.1545 dbar Standard Deviation = 0.0685 dbar MEASURED BOTTOM TEMPERATURE RECORDS DATE UT YEARHOUR FIRST DATA POINT: Aug 15, 1989 17:29:35 -3318.5071 LAST DATA POINT: Aug 15, 1990 19:59:35 5443.9932 Number of Points: 17526 Sampling Interval: 0.50 hrs Minimum = 2.15 C Mean = 2.18 C Maximum = 2.34 C Standard Deviation = 0.02 C 40HRLP BOTTOM TEMPERATURE RECORDS DATE UT YEARHOUR FIRST DATA POINT: Aug 17, 1989 06:00:00 -3282.0000 LAST DATA POINT: Aug 14, 1990 18:00:00 5418.0000 Number of Points: 1451 Sampling Interval: 6.0 hrs Minimum = 2.149 C Mean = 2.183 C Maximum = 2.321 C Standard Deviation = 0.022 C Site and Record Inmation for PIES90H4 Serial Number: 065 Type of Travel Time Detector: TTC Number of Pings per Sampling: 24 Additional Sensors: Pressure and Temperature Pressure Sensor Serial Number: 28197 POSITION: 37 39.57 N DEPTH: 4445 m 68 35.35 W DATE UT CRUISE LAUNCH: Aug 15, 1989 2021 OC210 RELEASE: Aug 18, 1990 0426 EN216 TRAVEL TIME RECORDS DATE UT YEARHOUR FIRST DATA POINT: Aug 15, 1989 21:32:10 -3314.4641 LAST DATA POINT: Aug 18, 1990 04:02:10 5500.0361 Number of Points: 17630 Sampling Interval: 0.50 hrs Minimum = 0.303573 s Mean = 0.319818 s Maximum = 0.346525 s Standard Deviation = 0.012155 s 40-HRLP THERMOCLINE DEPTH RECORDS Conversion equation: where B = 6947.00 m tau = Travel Time (sec) with tide temoved DATE UT YEARHOUR FIRST DATA POINT: Aug 16, 1989 18:00:00 -3294.0000 LAST DATA POINT: Aug 17, 1990 06:00:00 5478.0000 Number of Points: 1463 Sampling Interval: 6.0 hrs Minimum = 107.79 m Mean = 615.00 m Maximum = 913.28 m Standard Deviation = 239.96 m MEASURED BOTTOM PRESSURE RECORDS DATE UT YEARHOUR FIRST DATA POINT: Aug 15, 1989 21:45:04 -3314.2490 LAST DATA POINT: Aug 18, 1990 04:15:04 5500.2510 Number of Points: 17630 Sampling Interval: 0.50 hrs Minimum = 4552.16 dbar Mean = 4552.39 dbar Maximum = 4553.91 dbar Standard Deviation = 0.63 dbar RESIDUAL BOTTOM PRESSURE RECORDS P_residual = P_measured - MEAN - DRIFT - TIDE DRIFT = 0.0 dbar TIDE were calculated from the following constituents: M2 N2 S2 K2 K1 O1 P1 Q1 H (dbar): 0.42565 0.09851 0.09421 0.02241 0.08102 0.06296 0.02673 0.01344 G : 352.826 331.998 20.985 22.243 177.061 182.963 177.736 182.615 DATE UT YEARHOUR FIRST DATA POINT: Aug 16, 1989 09:45:04 -3302.2490 LAST DATA POINT: Aug 18, 1990 04:15:04 5500.2510 Number of Points: 17606 Sampling Interval: 0.50 hrs Minimum = -0.2227 dbar Mean = 0.0001 dbar Maximum = 0.2597 dbar Standard Deviation = 0.0600 dbar 40HRLP RESIDUAL BOTTOM PRESSURE RECORDS DATE UT YEARHOUR FIRST DATA POINT: Aug 17, 1989 06:00:00 -3282.0000 LAST DATA POINT: Aug 17, 1990 06:00:00 5478.0000 Number of Points: 1461 Sampling Interval: 6.0 hrs Minimum = -0.2101 dbar Mean = 0.0003 dbar Maximum = 0.2090 dbar Standard Deviation = 0.0584 dbar MEASURED BOTTOM TEMPERATURE RECORDS DATE UT YEARHOUR FIRST DATA POINT: Aug 15, 1989 21:59:35 -3314.0071 LAST DATA POINT: Aug 18, 1990 04:29:35 5500.4932 Number of Points: 17630 Sampling Interval: 0.50 hrs Minimum = 2.26 C Mean = 2.33 C Maximum = 2.46 C Standard Deviation = 0.02 C 40HRLP BOTTOM TEMPERATURE RECORDS DATE UT YEARHOUR FIRST DATA POINT: Aug 17, 1989 06:00:00 -3282.0000 LAST DATA POINT: Aug 17, 1990 06:00:00 5478.0000 Number of Points: 1461 Sampling Interval: 6.0 hrs Minimum = 2.257 C Mean = 2.326 C Maximum = 2.376 C Standard Deviation = 0.014 C Site and Record Inmation for PIES90H5 Serial Number: 054 Type of Travel Time Detector: TTC Number of Pings per Sampling: 24 Additional Sensors: Pressure and Temperature Pressure Sensor Serial Number: 17849 POSITION: 37 10.23 N DEPTH: 4800 m 68 17.83 W DATE UT CRUISE LAUNCH: Aug 14, 1989 1954 OC210 RELEASE: Aug 17, 1990 2330 EN216 TRAVEL TIME RECORDS DATE UT YEARHOUR FIRST DATA POINT: Nov 25, 1989 04:31:12 -883.4800 LAST DATA POINT: Aug 17, 1990 22:29:20 5494.4888 Number of Points: 12757 Sampling Interval: 0.50 hrs Minimum = 0.390364 s Mean = 0.401428 s Maximum = 0.431109 s Standard Deviation = 0.008534 s 40-HRLP THERMOCLINE DEPTH RECORDS Conversion equation: where B = 8654.00 m tau = Travel Time (sec) with tide temoved DATE UT YEARHOUR FIRST DATA POINT: Nov 26, 1989 06:00:00 -858.0000 LAST DATA POINT: Aug 17, 1990 00:00:00 5472.0000 Number of Points: 1056 Sampling Interval: 6.0 hrs Minimum = 156.41 m Mean = 704.94 m Maximum = 896.81 m Standard Deviation = 168.33 m MEASURED BOTTOM PRESSURE RECORDS DATE UT YEARHOUR FIRST DATA POINT: Aug 14, 1989 21:30:00 -3338.5000 LAST DATA POINT: Aug 17, 1990 23:27:25 5495.4570 Number of Points: 17669 Sampling Interval: 0.50 hrs Minimum = 4936.24 dbar Mean = 4936.49 dbar Maximum = 4938.11 dbar Standard Deviation = 0.76 dbar RESIDUAL BOTTOM PRESSURE RECORDS P_residual = P_measured - MEAN - DRIFT - TIDE DRIFT = 0.0 dbar TIDE were calculated from the following constituents: M2 N2 S2 K2 K1 O1 P1 Q1 H (dbar): 0.42305 0.09753 0.09398 0.02236 0.07963 0.06204 0.02626 0.01333 G : 353.125 332.212 21.364 22.676 177.468 183.397 178.104 183.380 DATE UT YEARHOUR FIRST DATA POINT: Aug 15, 1989 09:30:00 -3326.5000 LAST DATA POINT: Aug 17, 1990 23:27:25 5495.4570 Number of Points: 17645 Sampling Interval: 0.50 hrs Minimum = -0.3459 dbar Mean = 0.0002 dbar Maximum = 0.2349 dbar Standard Deviation = 0.0942 dbar 40HRLP RESIDUAL BOTTOM PRESSURE RECORDS DATE UT YEARHOUR FIRST DATA POINT: Aug 16, 1989 06:00:00 -3306.0000 LAST DATA POINT: Aug 17, 1990 00:00:00 5472.0000 Number of Points: 1464 Sampling Interval: 6.0 hrs Minimum = -0.3359 dbar Mean = 0.0002 dbar Maximum = 0.1818 dbar Standard Deviation = 0.0930 dbar MEASURED BOTTOM TEMPERATURE RECORDS DATE UT YEARHOUR FIRST DATA POINT: Aug 14, 1989 21:30:00 -3338.5000 LAST DATA POINT: Aug 17, 1990 23:27:25 5495.4570 Number of Points: 17669 Sampling Interval: 0.50 hrs Minimum = 2.27 C Mean = 2.32 C Maximum = 2.40 C Standard Deviation = 0.02 C 40HRLP BOTTOM TEMPERATURE RECORDS DATE UT YEARHOUR FIRST DATA POINT: Aug 16, 1989 06:00:00 -3306.0000 LAST DATA POINT: Aug 17, 1990 00:00:00 5472.0000 Number of Points: 1464 Sampling Interval: 6.0 hrs Minimum = 2.275 C Mean = 2.323 C Maximum = 2.368 C Standard Deviation = 0.016 C Site and Record Inmation for PIES90H6 Serial Number: 066 Type of Travel Time Detector: TTC Number of Pings per Sampling: 24 Additional Sensors: Pressure and Temperature Pressure Sensor Serial Number: 31162 POSITION: 36 39.35 N DEPTH: 4840 m 68 15.10 W DATE UT CRUISE LAUNCH: Jun 4, 1989 0110 OC207 RELEASE: Aug 9, 1990 1130 EN216 TRAVEL TIME RECORDS DATE UT YEARHOUR FIRST DATA POINT: Jun 4, 1989 02:51:36 -5061.1401 LAST DATA POINT: Aug 9, 1990 11:21:36 5291.3599 Number of Points: 20706 Sampling Interval: 0.50 hrs Minimum = 0.060276 s Mean = 0.078516 s Maximum = 0.110328 s Standard Deviation = 0.011145 s 40-HRLP THERMOCLINE DEPTH RECORDS Conversion equation: where B = 2190.00 m tau = Travel Time (sec) with tide temoved DATE UT YEARHOUR FIRST DATA POINT: Jun 5, 1989 00:00:00 -5040.0000 LAST DATA POINT: Aug 8, 1990 12:00:00 5268.0000 Number of Points: 1719 Sampling Interval: 6.0 hrs Minimum = 58.30 m Mean = 635.06 m Maximum = 955.40 m Standard Deviation = 219.98 m MEASURED BOTTOM PRESSURE RECORDS DATE UT YEARHOUR FIRST DATA POINT: Jun 4, 1989 03:04:31 -5060.9248 LAST DATA POINT: Aug 9, 1990 11:04:31 5291.0752 Number of Points: 20705 Sampling Interval: 0.50 hrs Minimum = 4995.03 dbar Mean = 4996.47 dbar Maximum = 4997.08 dbar Standard Deviation = 0.47 dbar RESIDUAL BOTTOM PRESSURE RECORDS P_residual = P_measured - MEAN - DRIFT - TIDE DRIFT = A exp(-lambda t) + B where t = Time of sample in hours, starting with t = 13.0 hrs the first data point A = 0.445700 dbar lambda = -0.000573 /hr B = 0.075302 dbar TIDE were calculated from the following constituents: M2 N2 S2 K2 K1 O1 P1 Q1 H (dbar): 0.42197 0.09695 0.09312 0.02209 0.07906 0.06199 0.02606 0.01348 G : 352.959 332.030 21.280 22.672 177.679 183.525 178.274 183.730 DATE UT YEARHOUR FIRST DATA POINT: Jun 4, 1989 15:04:31 -5048.9248 LAST DATA POINT: Aug 9, 1990 11:04:31 5291.0752 Number of Points: 20681 Sampling Interval: 0.50 hrs Minimum = -0.2270 dbar Mean = 0.0000 dbar Maximum = 0.2173 dbar Standard Deviation = 0.0807 dbar 40HRLP RESIDUAL BOTTOM PRESSURE RECORDS DATE UT YEARHOUR FIRST DATA POINT: Jun 5, 1989 12:00:00 -5028.0000 LAST DATA POINT: Aug 8, 1990 12:00:00 5268.0000 Number of Points: 1717 Sampling Interval: 6.0 hrs Minimum = -0.2123 dbar Mean = -0.0001 dbar Maximum = 0.1952 dbar Standard Deviation = 0.0798 dbar MEASURED BOTTOM TEMPERATURE RECORDS DATE UT YEARHOUR FIRST DATA POINT: Jun 4, 1989 03:19:01 -5060.6831 LAST DATA POINT: Aug 9, 1990 11:49:01 5291.8169 Number of Points: 20706 Sampling Interval: 0.50 hrs Minimum = 2.52 C Mean = 2.58 C Maximum = 2.70 C Standard Deviation = 0.02 C 40HRLP BOTTOM TEMPERATURE RECORDS DATE UT YEARHOUR FIRST DATA POINT: Jun 5, 1989 12:00:00 -5028.0000 LAST DATA POINT: Aug 8, 1990 12:00:00 5268.0000 Number of Points: 1717 Sampling Interval: 6.0 hrs Minimum = 2.527 C Mean = 2.583 C Maximum = 2.624 C Standard Deviation = 0.016 C Site and Record Inmation for IES90H7 Serial Number: 058 Type of Travel Time Detector: TTC Number of Pings per Sampling: 24 Additional Sensors: None POSITION: 36 24.92 N DEPTH: 4910 m 68 47.81 W DATE UT CRUISE LAUNCH: Aug 16, 1989 1503 OC210 RELEASE: Aug 9, 1990 0038 EN216 TRAVEL TIME RECORDS DATE UT YEARHOUR FIRST DATA POINT: Aug 16, 1989 16:01:45 -3295.9709 LAST DATA POINT: Aug 9, 1990 00:01:44 5280.0288 Number of Points: 17153 Sampling Interval: 0.50 hrs Minimum = 0.109349 s Mean = 0.122997 s Maximum = 0.151765 s Standard Deviation = 0.009359 s 40-HRLP THERMOCLINE DEPTH RECORDS Conversion equation: where B = 3173.00 m tau = Travel Time (sec) with tide temoved DATE UT YEARHOUR FIRST DATA POINT: Aug 17, 1989 18:00:00 -3270.0000 LAST DATA POINT: Aug 8, 1990 00:00:00 5256.0000 Number of Points: 1422 Sampling Interval: 6.0 hrs Minimum = 184.38 m Mean = 738.88 m Maximum = 982.62 m Standard Deviation = 183.18 m Site and Record Inmation for PIES90I1 Serial Number: 081 Type of Travel Time Detector: TTC Number of Pings per Sampling: 24 Additional Sensors: Pressure and Temperature Pressure Sensor Serial Number: 36883 POSITION: 38 47.58 N DEPTH: 3828 m 68 06.25 W DATE UT CRUISE LAUNCH: May 30, 1989 1954 OC207 RELEASE: Aug 17, 1990 0732 EN216 TRAVEL TIME RECORDS DATE UT YEARHOUR FIRST DATA POINT: May 30, 1989 21:01:56 -5162.9678 LAST DATA POINT: Jul 30, 1989 23:31:30 -3696.4751 Number of Points: 2934 Sampling Interval: 0.50 hrs Minimum = 0.277595 s Mean = 0.296853 s Maximum = 0.307861 s Standard Deviation = 0.007941 s 40-HRLP THERMOCLINE DEPTH RECORDS Conversion equation: where B = 6127.00 m tau = Travel Time (sec) with tide temoved DATE UT YEARHOUR FIRST DATA POINT: May 31, 1989 18:00:00 -5142.0000 LAST DATA POINT: Jul 30, 1989 00:00:00 -3720.0000 Number of Points: 238 Sampling Interval: 6.0 hrs Minimum = 69.46 m Mean = 250.08 m Maximum = 601.15 m Standard Deviation = 157.98 m MEASURED BOTTOM PRESSURE RECORDS DATE UT YEARHOUR FIRST DATA POINT: May 30, 1989 21:14:49 -5162.7529 LAST DATA POINT: Aug 17, 1990 07:41:38 5479.6938 Number of Points: 21286 Sampling Interval: 0.50 hrs Minimum = 3887.99 dbar Mean = 3888.26 dbar Maximum = 3889.67 dbar Standard Deviation = 0.55 dbar RESIDUAL BOTTOM PRESSURE RECORDS P_residual = P_measured - MEAN - DRIFT - TIDE DRIFT = 0.0 dbar TIDE were calculated from the following constituents: M2 N2 S2 K2 K1 O1 P1 Q1 H (dbar): 0.42348 0.09758 0.09411 0.02241 0.08123 0.06264 0.02676 0.01348 G : 352.533 331.873 20.573 21.886 175.024 181.058 175.592 181.644 DATE UT YEARHOUR FIRST DATA POINT: May 31, 1989 09:14:49 -5150.7529 LAST DATA POINT: Aug 17, 1990 07:41:38 5479.6938 Number of Points: 21262 Sampling Interval: 0.50 hrs Minimum = -0.1615 dbar Mean = -0.0002 dbar Maximum = 0.1838 dbar Standard Deviation = 0.0602 dbar 40HRLP RESIDUAL BOTTOM PRESSURE RECORDS DATE UT YEARHOUR FIRST DATA POINT: Jun 1, 1989 06:00:00 -5130.0000 LAST DATA POINT: Aug 16, 1990 06:00:00 5454.0000 Number of Points: 1765 Sampling Interval: 6.0 hrs Minimum = -0.1368 dbar Mean = -0.0004 dbar Maximum = 0.1615 dbar Standard Deviation = 0.0585 dbar MEASURED BOTTOM TEMPERATURE RECORDS DATE UT YEARHOUR FIRST DATA POINT: May 30, 1989 21:29:20 -5162.5112 LAST DATA POINT: Aug 17, 1990 07:56:10 5479.9360 Number of Points: 21286 Sampling Interval: 0.50 hrs Minimum = 2.34 C Mean = 2.40 C Maximum = 2.60 C Standard Deviation = 0.03 C 40HRLP BOTTOM TEMPERATURE RECORDS DATE UT YEARHOUR FIRST DATA POINT: Jun 1, 1989 06:00:00 -5130.0000 LAST DATA POINT: Aug 16, 1990 06:00:00 5454.0000 Number of Points: 1765 Sampling Interval: 6.0 hrs Minimum = 2.349 C Mean = 2.395 C Maximum = 2.543 C Standard Deviation = 0.026 C Site and Record Inmation for PIES90I2 Serial Number: 069 Type of Travel Time Detector: TTC Number of Pings per Sampling: 24 Additional Sensors: Pressure and Temperature Pressure Sensor Serial Number: 33816 POSITION: 38 47.68 N DEPTH: 4270 m 67 58.71 W DATE UT CRUISE LAUNCH: Jun 1, 1989 0256 OC207 RELEASE: Aug 16, 1990 0052 EN216 TRAVEL TIME RECORDS DATE UT YEARHOUR FIRST DATA POINT: Jun 1, 1989 04:17:21 -5131.7109 LAST DATA POINT: Aug 16, 1990 00:47:21 5448.7891 Number of Points: 21162 Sampling Interval: 0.50 hrs Minimum = 0.054405 s Mean = 0.079046 s Maximum = 0.093998 s Standard Deviation = 0.010661 s 40-HRLP THERMOCLINE DEPTH RECORDS Conversion equation: where B = 1900.00 m tau = Travel Time (sec) with tide temoved DATE UT YEARHOUR FIRST DATA POINT: Jun 2, 1989 06:00:00 -5106.0000 LAST DATA POINT: Aug 15, 1990 00:00:00 5424.0000 Number of Points: 1756 Sampling Interval: 6.0 hrs Minimum = 78.68 m Mean = 334.86 m Maximum = 799.37 m Standard Deviation = 210.46 m MEASURED BOTTOM PRESSURE RECORDS DATE UT YEARHOUR FIRST DATA POINT: Jun 1, 1989 04:30:14 -5131.4961 LAST DATA POINT: Aug 16, 1990 01:00:14 5449.0039 Number of Points: 21162 Sampling Interval: 0.50 hrs Minimum = 4349.92 dbar Mean = 4351.43 dbar Maximum = 4351.52 dbar Standard Deviation = 0.87 dbar RESIDUAL BOTTOM PRESSURE RECORDS P_residual = P_measured - MEAN - DRIFT - TIDE DRIFT = 0.0 dbar TIDE were calculated from the following constituents: M2 N2 S2 K2 K1 O1 P1 Q1 H (dbar): 0.42412 0.09766 0.09436 0.02243 0.08028 0.06215 0.02647 0.01332 G : 353.181 332.054 21.272 22.512 175.887 181.844 176.407 182.789 DATE UT YEARHOUR FIRST DATA POINT: Jun 1, 1989 16:30:14 -5119.4961 LAST DATA POINT: Aug 16, 1990 01:00:14 5449.0039 Number of Points: 21138 Sampling Interval: 0.50 hrs Minimum = -0.1413 dbar Mean = -0.0002 dbar Maximum = 0.1275 dbar Standard Deviation = 0.0393 dbar 40HRLP RESIDUAL BOTTOM PRESSURE RECORDS DATE UT YEARHOUR FIRST DATA POINT: Jun 2, 1989 18:00:00 -5094.0000 LAST DATA POINT: Aug 15, 1990 00:00:00 5424.0000 Number of Points: 1754 Sampling Interval: 6.0 hrs Minimum = -0.0910 dbar Mean = -0.0003 dbar Maximum = 0.1102 dbar Standard Deviation = 0.0371 dbar MEASURED BOTTOM TEMPERATURE RECORDS DATE UT YEARHOUR FIRST DATA POINT: Jun 1, 1989 04:44:49 -5131.2529 LAST DATA POINT: Aug 16, 1990 01:14:49 5449.2471 Number of Points: 21162 Sampling Interval: 0.50 hrs Minimum = 2.54 C Mean = 2.60 C Maximum = 2.70 C Standard Deviation = 0.01 C 40HRLP BOTTOM TEMPERATURE RECORDS DATE UT YEARHOUR FIRST DATA POINT: Jun 2, 1989 18:00:00 -5094.0000 LAST DATA POINT: Aug 15, 1990 00:00:00 5424.0000 Number of Points: 1754 Sampling Interval: 6.0 hrs Minimum = 2.550 C Mean = 2.596 C Maximum = 2.643 C Standard Deviation = 0.012 C Site and Record Inmation for PIES90I3 Serial Number: 073 Type of Travel Time Detector: TTC Number of Pings per Sampling: 24 Additional Sensors: Pressure and Temperature Pressure Sensor Serial Number: 31694 POSITION: 37 47.61 N DEPTH: 4610 m 67 58.85 W DATE UT CRUISE LAUNCH: Jun 6, 1989 0410 OC207 RELEASE: Aug 10, 1990 2042 EN216 TRAVEL TIME RECORDS DATE UT YEARHOUR FIRST DATA POINT: Jun 6, 1989 05:22:30 -5010.6250 LAST DATA POINT: Aug 10, 1990 19:52:30 5323.8750 Number of Points: 20670 Sampling Interval: 0.50 hrs Minimum = 0.115788 s Mean = 0.137739 s Maximum = 0.158726 s Standard Deviation = 0.013645 s 40-HRLP THERMOCLINE DEPTH RECORDS Conversion equation: where B = 3176.00 m tau = Travel Time (sec) with tide temoved DATE UT YEARHOUR FIRST DATA POINT: Jun 7, 1989 06:00:00 -4986.0000 LAST DATA POINT: Aug 9, 1990 18:00:00 5298.0000 Number of Points: 1715 Sampling Interval: 6.0 hrs Minimum = 72.98 m Mean = 448.59 m Maximum = 861.44 m Standard Deviation = 269.37 m MEASURED BOTTOM PRESSURE RECORDS DATE UT YEARHOUR FIRST DATA POINT: Jun 6, 1989 05:35:23 -5010.4102 LAST DATA POINT: Aug 10, 1990 20:35:23 5324.5898 Number of Points: 20671 Sampling Interval: 0.50 hrs Minimum = 4716.96 dbar Mean = 4718.36 dbar Maximum = 4718.83 dbar Standard Deviation = 0.63 dbar RESIDUAL BOTTOM PRESSURE RECORDS P_residual = P_measured - MEAN - DRIFT - TIDE DRIFT = 0.0 dbar TIDE were calculated from the following constituents: M2 N2 S2 K2 K1 O1 P1 Q1 H (dbar): 0.42437 0.09759 0.09419 0.02240 0.07966 0.06223 0.02623 0.01356 G : 353.113 332.352 21.534 22.965 176.641 182.724 177.361 182.095 DATE UT YEARHOUR FIRST DATA POINT: Jun 6, 1989 17:35:23 -4998.4102 LAST DATA POINT: Aug 10, 1990 20:35:23 5324.5898 Number of Points: 20647 Sampling Interval: 0.50 hrs Minimum = -0.2696 dbar Mean = 0.0001 dbar Maximum = 0.2223 dbar Standard Deviation = 0.0786 dbar 40HRLP RESIDUAL BOTTOM PRESSURE RECORDS DATE UT YEARHOUR FIRST DATA POINT: Jun 7, 1989 18:00:00 -4974.0000 LAST DATA POINT: Aug 10, 1990 00:00:00 5304.0000 Number of Points: 1714 Sampling Interval: 6.0 hrs Minimum = -0.2514 dbar Mean = 0.0002 dbar Maximum = 0.2019 dbar Standard Deviation = 0.0776 dbar MEASURED BOTTOM TEMPERATURE RECORDS DATE UT YEARHOUR FIRST DATA POINT: Jun 6, 1989 05:49:59 -5010.1670 LAST DATA POINT: Aug 10, 1990 20:49:59 5324.8330 Number of Points: 20671 Sampling Interval: 0.50 hrs Minimum = 2.40 C Mean = 2.46 C Maximum = 2.55 C Standard Deviation = 0.02 C 40HRLP BOTTOM TEMPERATURE RECORDS DATE UT YEARHOUR FIRST DATA POINT: Jun 7, 1989 18:00:00 -4974.0000 LAST DATA POINT: Aug 10, 1990 00:00:00 5304.0000 Number of Points: 1714 Sampling Interval: 6.0 hrs Minimum = 2.401 C Mean = 2.457 C Maximum = 2.515 C Standard Deviation = 0.015 C Site and Record Inmation for PIES90I4 Serial Number: 075 Type of Travel Time Detector: TTC Number of Pings per Sampling: 24 Additional Sensors: Pressure and Temperature Pressure Sensor Serial Number: 36884 POSITION: 37 18.88 N DEPTH: 4765 m 67 39.58 W DATE UT CRUISE LAUNCH: Jun 16, 1989 1013 OC210 RELEASE: Aug 16, 1990 2036 EN216 TRAVEL TIME RECORDS DATE UT YEARHOUR FIRST DATA POINT: Jun 16, 1989 11:32:14 -4764.4629 LAST DATA POINT: Aug 16, 1990 20:32:14 5468.5371 Number of Points: 20467 Sampling Interval: 0.50 hrs Minimum = 0.353622 s Mean = 0.374016 s Maximum = 0.397889 s Standard Deviation = 0.012177 s 40-HRLP THERMOCLINE DEPTH RECORDS Conversion equation: where B = 7941.00 m tau = Travel Time (sec) with tide temoved DATE UT YEARHOUR FIRST DATA POINT: Jun 17, 1989 12:00:00 -4740.0000 LAST DATA POINT: Aug 16, 1990 00:00:00 5448.0000 Number of Points: 1699 Sampling Interval: 6.0 hrs Minimum = 101.14 m Mean = 535.40 m Maximum = 903.75 m Standard Deviation = 240.24 m MEASURED BOTTOM PRESSURE RECORDS DATE UT YEARHOUR FIRST DATA POINT: Jun 16, 1989 11:45:07 -4764.2480 LAST DATA POINT: Aug 16, 1990 20:45:07 5468.7520 Number of Points: 20467 Sampling Interval: 0.50 hrs Minimum = 4906.13 dbar Mean = 4906.42 dbar Maximum = 4908.15 dbar Standard Deviation = 0.79 dbar RESIDUAL BOTTOM PRESSURE RECORDS P_residual = P_measured - MEAN - DRIFT - TIDE DRIFT = 0.0 dbar TIDE were calculated from the following constituents: M2 N2 S2 K2 K1 O1 P1 Q1 H (dbar): 0.41827 0.09613 0.09358 0.02228 0.07726 0.06041 0.02543 0.01326 G : 353.459 332.396 21.952 23.336 176.943 183.013 177.535 183.376 DATE UT YEARHOUR FIRST DATA POINT: Jun 16, 1989 23:45:07 -4752.2480 LAST DATA POINT: Aug 16, 1990 20:45:07 5468.7520 Number of Points: 20443 Sampling Interval: 0.50 hrs Minimum = -0.4189 dbar Mean = -0.0001 dbar Maximum = 0.2815 dbar Standard Deviation = 0.1120 dbar 40HRLP RESIDUAL BOTTOM PRESSURE RECORDS DATE UT YEARHOUR FIRST DATA POINT: Jun 18, 1989 00:00:00 -4728.0000 LAST DATA POINT: Aug 16, 1990 00:00:00 5448.0000 Number of Points: 1697 Sampling Interval: 6.0 hrs Minimum = -0.4009 dbar Mean = -0.0004 dbar Maximum = 0.2348 dbar Standard Deviation = 0.1113 dbar MEASURED BOTTOM TEMPERATURE RECORDS DATE UT YEARHOUR FIRST DATA POINT: Jun 16, 1989 11:59:39 -4764.0059 LAST DATA POINT: Aug 16, 1990 20:59:39 5468.9941 Number of Points: 20467 Sampling Interval: 0.50 hrs Minimum = 2.39 C Mean = 2.46 C Maximum = 2.60 C Standard Deviation = 0.02 C 40HRLP BOTTOM TEMPERATURE RECORDS DATE UT YEARHOUR FIRST DATA POINT: Jun 18, 1989 00:00:00 -4728.0000 LAST DATA POINT: Aug 16, 1990 00:00:00 5448.0000 Number of Points: 1697 Sampling Interval: 6.0 hrs Minimum = 2.396 C Mean = 2.464 C Maximum = 2.511 C Standard Deviation = 0.018 C Site and Record Inmation for PIES90I5 Serial Number: 072 Type of Travel Time Detector: TTC Number of Pings per Sampling: 24 Additional Sensors: Pressure and Temperature Pressure Sensor Serial Number: 33822 POSITION: 36 50.19 N DEPTH: 4975 m 67 27.36 W DATE UT CRUISE LAUNCH: Jun 3, 1989 1054 OC207 RELEASE: Aug 8, 1990 1859 EN216 TRAVEL TIME RECORDS DATE UT YEARHOUR FIRST DATA POINT: Jun 3, 1989 12:31:56 -5075.4678 LAST DATA POINT: Aug 8, 1990 18:36:58 5274.6162 Number of Points: 20701 Sampling Interval: 0.50 hrs Minimum = 0.177081 s Mean = 0.191169 s Maximum = 0.219416 s Standard Deviation = 0.010848 s 40-HRLP THERMOCLINE DEPTH RECORDS Conversion equation: where B = 4443.00 m tau = Travel Time (sec) with tide temoved DATE UT YEARHOUR FIRST DATA POINT: Jun 4, 1989 12:00:00 -5052.0000 LAST DATA POINT: Aug 7, 1990 18:00:00 5250.0000 Number of Points: 1718 Sampling Interval: 6.0 hrs Minimum = 122.70 m Mean = 658.37 m Maximum = 914.87 m Standard Deviation = 213.40 m MEASURED BOTTOM PRESSURE RECORDS DATE UT YEARHOUR FIRST DATA POINT: Jun 3, 1989 12:44:49 -5075.2529 LAST DATA POINT: Aug 8, 1990 18:49:52 5274.8311 Number of Points: 20701 Sampling Interval: 0.50 hrs Minimum = 5086.22 dbar Mean = 5087.70 dbar Maximum = 5088.10 dbar Standard Deviation = 0.67 dbar RESIDUAL BOTTOM PRESSURE RECORDS P_residual = P_measured - MEAN - DRIFT - TIDE DRIFT = A t + B A = 0.000014 dbar/hr B = 0.001403 dbar TIDE were calculated from the following constituents: M2 N2 S2 K2 K1 O1 P1 Q1 H (dbar): 0.42049 0.09622 0.09400 0.02235 0.07679 0.06014 0.02532 0.01299 G : 353.777 332.699 22.203 23.627 177.665 183.916 178.333 183.918 DATE UT YEARHOUR FIRST DATA POINT: Jun 4, 1989 00:44:49 -5063.2529 LAST DATA POINT: Aug 8, 1990 18:49:52 5274.8311 Number of Points: 20677 Sampling Interval: 0.50 hrs Minimum = -0.3731 dbar Mean = 0.0003 dbar Maximum = 0.2395 dbar Standard Deviation = 0.1018 dbar 40HRLP RESIDUAL BOTTOM PRESSURE RECORDS DATE UT YEARHOUR FIRST DATA POINT: Jun 5, 1989 00:00:00 -5040.0000 LAST DATA POINT: Aug 7, 1990 18:00:00 5250.0000 Number of Points: 1716 Sampling Interval: 6.0 hrs Minimum = -0.3603 dbar Mean = 0.0006 dbar Maximum = 0.2145 dbar Standard Deviation = 0.1010 dbar MEASURED BOTTOM TEMPERATURE RECORDS DATE UT YEARHOUR FIRST DATA POINT: Jun 3, 1989 12:59:20 -5075.0112 LAST DATA POINT: Aug 8, 1990 19:04:24 5275.0732 Number of Points: 20701 Sampling Interval: 0.50 hrs Minimum = 2.60 C Mean = 2.65 C Maximum = 2.73 C Standard Deviation = 0.02 C 40HRLP BOTTOM TEMPERATURE RECORDS DATE UT YEARHOUR FIRST DATA POINT: Jun 5, 1989 00:00:00 -5040.0000 LAST DATA POINT: Aug 7, 1990 18:00:00 5250.0000 Number of Points: 1716 Sampling Interval: 6.0 hrs Minimum = 2.603 C Mean = 2.648 C Maximum = 2.711 C Standard Deviation = 0.015 C Site and Record Inmation for IES90J1 Serial Number: 045 Type of Travel Time Detector: TTC Number of Pings per Sampling: 24 Additional Sensors: None POSITION: 39 10.05 N DEPTH: 3480 m 67 47.20 W DATE UT CRUISE LAUNCH: May 31, 1989 0123 OC207 RELEASE: Aug 12, 1990 0307 EN216 TRAVEL TIME RECORDS DATE UT YEARHOUR FIRST DATA POINT: May 31, 1989 02:31:56 -5157.4678 LAST DATA POINT: Aug 12, 1990 02:57:18 5354.9551 Number of Points: 21026 Sampling Interval: 0.50 hrs Minimum = 0.229048 s Mean = 0.249371 s Maximum = 0.257556 s Standard Deviation = 0.005441 s 40-HRLP THERMOCLINE DEPTH RECORDS Conversion equation: where B = 5160.00 m tau = Travel Time (sec) with tide temoved DATE UT YEARHOUR FIRST DATA POINT: Jun 1, 1989 00:00:00 -5136.0000 LAST DATA POINT: Aug 11, 1990 06:00:00 5334.0000 Number of Points: 1746 Sampling Interval: 6.0 hrs Minimum = 82.39 m Mean = 222.68 m Maximum = 594.19 m Standard Deviation = 107.17 m Site and Record Inmation for IES90J2 Serial Number: 043 Type of Travel Time Detector: TTC Number of Pings per Sampling: 24 Additional Sensors: None POSITION: 38 45.90 N DEPTH: 4270 m 67 21.03 W DATE UT CRUISE LAUNCH: May 31, 1989 0700 OC207 RELEASE: Aug 11, 1990 2205 EN216 TRAVEL TIME RECORDS DATE UT YEARHOUR FIRST DATA POINT: May 31, 1989 08:02:10 -5151.9639 LAST DATA POINT: Aug 11, 1990 21:58:04 5349.9678 Number of Points: 21005 Sampling Interval: 0.50 hrs Minimum = 0.073001 s Mean = 0.094565 s Maximum = 0.107382 s Standard Deviation = 0.007816 s 40-HRLP THERMOCLINE DEPTH RECORDS Conversion equation: where B = 2146.00 m tau = Travel Time (sec) with tide temoved DATE UT YEARHOUR FIRST DATA POINT: Jun 1, 1989 06:00:00 -5130.0000 LAST DATA POINT: Aug 11, 1990 00:00:00 5328.0000 Number of Points: 1744 Sampling Interval: 6.0 hrs Minimum = 74.98 m Mean = 273.81 m Maximum = 681.40 m Standard Deviation = 154.15 m Site and Record Inmation for IES90J3 Serial Number: 030 Type of Travel Time Detector: TTC Number of Pings per Sampling: 24 Additional Sensors: None POSITION: 38 09.69 N DEPTH: 4635 m 67 10.37 W DATE UT CRUISE LAUNCH: Jun 7, 1989 0100 OC207 RELEASE: Aug 10, 1990 0818 EN216 TRAVEL TIME RECORDS DATE UT YEARHOUR FIRST DATA POINT: Jun 7, 1989 02:31:56 -4989.4678 LAST DATA POINT: Aug 10, 1990 07:56:45 5311.9458 Number of Points: 20604 Sampling Interval: 0.50 hrs Minimum = 0.131934 s Mean = 0.153761 s Maximum = 0.171173 s Standard Deviation = 0.012487 s 40-HRLP THERMOCLINE DEPTH RECORDS Conversion equation: where B = 3468.00 m tau = Travel Time (sec) with tide temoved DATE UT YEARHOUR FIRST DATA POINT: Jun 8, 1989 00:00:00 -4968.0000 LAST DATA POINT: Aug 9, 1990 06:00:00 5286.0000 Number of Points: 1710 Sampling Interval: 6.0 hrs Minimum = 101.72 m Mean = 423.42 m Maximum = 832.92 m Standard Deviation = 247.43 m Site and Record Inmation for IES90J4 Serial Number: 047 Type of Travel Time Detector: TTC Number of Pings per Sampling: 24 Additional Sensors: None POSITION: 37 38.77 N DEPTH: 4875 m 67 01.65 W DATE UT CRUISE LAUNCH: Jun 7, 1989 0934 OC207 RELEASE: Aug 10, 1990 0208 EN216 TRAVEL TIME RECORDS DATE UT YEARHOUR FIRST DATA POINT: Jun 7, 1989 11:02:00 -4980.9668 LAST DATA POINT: Aug 10, 1990 01:58:04 5305.9678 Number of Points: 20575 Sampling Interval: 0.50 hrs Minimum = 0.062288 s Mean = 0.080319 s Maximum = 0.103684 s Standard Deviation = 0.011436 s 40-HRLP THERMOCLINE DEPTH RECORDS Conversion equation: where B = 2217.00 m tau = Travel Time (sec) with tide temoved DATE UT YEARHOUR FIRST DATA POINT: Jun 8, 1989 12:00:00 -4956.0000 LAST DATA POINT: Aug 9, 1990 00:00:00 5280.0000 Number of Points: 1707 Sampling Interval: 6.0 hrs Minimum = 181.35 m Mean = 627.06 m Maximum = 958.69 m Standard Deviation = 226.16 m Site and Record Inmation for IES90J5 Serial Number: 040 Type of Travel Time Detector: TTC Number of Pings per Sampling: 24 Additional Sensors: None POSITION: 37 00.68 N DEPTH: 4955 m 66 57.86 W DATE UT CRUISE LAUNCH: Jun 16, 1989 0307 OC207 RELEASE: Aug 8, 1990 0939 EN216 TRAVEL TIME RECORDS DATE UT YEARHOUR FIRST DATA POINT: Jun 16, 1989 04:31:56 -4771.4678 LAST DATA POINT: Aug 8, 1990 09:28:55 5265.4819 Number of Points: 20075 Sampling Interval: 0.50 hrs Minimum = 0.203925 s Mean = 0.214223 s Maximum = 0.243490 s Standard Deviation = 0.008039 s 40-HRLP THERMOCLINE DEPTH RECORDS Conversion equation: where B = 4947.00 m tau = Travel Time (sec) with tide temoved DATE UT YEARHOUR FIRST DATA POINT: Jun 17, 1989 06:00:00 -4746.0000 LAST DATA POINT: Aug 7, 1990 12:00:00 5244.0000 Number of Points: 1666 Sampling Interval: 6.0 hrs Minimum = 149.83 m Mean = 706.00 m Maximum = 888.88 m Standard Deviation = 158.78 m Section 3. Half-Hourly Individual Plots Plots are presented for the individual time series of travel time, bottom pressure, residual bottom pressure (detided and dedrifted), and temperature. A nominal half-hourly sampling interval applies to all measurements. The plots for each sensor are displayed in a standardized window. All sensors have a common time axis which starts at yearhour --5352 (23-May-1989 referenced to 1-Jan-1990) and extends to yearhour 6360 (23-Sep-1990 referenced to 1-Jan-1990). This time period is displayed in four panels, two per page. Each panel covers 2928 hr (one third of a leap year). A small tick is placed at each day (0000 UT) and larger ticks denote weeks (168 hr). All IES records in this report were encompassed by this period. For comparison, labels indicating specific dates are centered about their yearhour equivalents (for example a label associates ``1-Jan-90'' with 0.0 yearhour). Vertical axes for each sensor will be either common or have a common increment. Travel time is plotted within a 50--msec window in increments of 5 msec. Pressure is plotted in a 2--dbar window centered about zero. The mean pressure was removed from the series for the purpose of plotting and its value is indicated in the y-axis label. After detiding and dedrifting, the residual bottom pressures are plotted within a 0.8 dbar window centered about zero. A 0.30 C window, adjusted vertically to enclose all the record's variation, is used for each temperature record. Half-Hourly Travel Time Plots Figure 9.1: [IES90A1] Half-Hourly Travel Times. IES90A1 Figure 9.2: IES90A2] Half-Hourly Travel Times. IES90A2 Figure 9.3: [IES90B1] Half-Hourly Travel Times. IES90B1 Figure 9.4: [TIES90B3] Half-Hourly Travel Times. TIES90B3 Figure 9.5: [TIES90B4] Half-Hourly Travel Times. TIES90B4 Figure 9.6: [TIES90B5] Half-Hourly Travel Times. TIES90B5 Figure 9.7: [IES90C1] Half-Hourly Travel Times. IES90C1 Figure 9.8: [TIES89C2] Half-Hourly Travel Times. TIES89C2 Figure 9.10: [TIES90C2] Half-Hourly Travel Times. TIES90C2 Figure 9.11: [IES90F1] Half-Hourly Travel Times. IES90F1 Figure 9.12: [IES90F2] Half-Hourly Travel Times. IES90F2 Figure 9.13: [IES90G1] Half-Hourly Travel Times. IES90G1 Figure 9.14: [PIES90G2] Half-Hourly Travel Times. PIES90G2 Figure 9.15: [PIES90G3] Half-Hourly Travel Times. PIES90G3 Figure 9.16: [IES90G4] Half-Hourly Travel Times. IES90G4 Figure 9.17: [IES90H1] Half-Hourly Travel Times. IES90H1 Figure 9.18: [PIES90H2] Half-Hourly Travel Times. PIES90H2 Figure 9.19: [PIES90H3] Half-Hourly Travel Times. PIES90H3 Figure 9.20: [PIES90H4] Half-Hourly Travel Times. PIES90H4 Figure 9.21: [PIES90H5] Half-Hourly Travel Times. PIES90H5 Figure 9.22: [PIES90H6] Half-Hourly Travel Times. PIES90H6 Figure 9.23: [IES90H7] Half-Hourly Travel Times. IES90H7 Figure 9.24: [PIES90I1] Half-Hourly Travel Times. PIES90I1 Figure 9.25: [PIES90I2] Half-Hourly Travel Times. PIES90I2 Figure 9.26: [PIES90I3] Half-Hourly Travel Times. PIES90I3 Figure 9.27: [PIES90I4] Half-Hourly Travel Times. PIES90I4 Figure 9.28: [PIES90I5] Half-Hourly Travel Times. PIES90I5 Figure 9.29: [IES90J1] Half-Hourly Travel Times. IES90J1 Figure 9.30: [IES90J2] Half-Hourly Travel Times. IES90J2 Figure 9.31: [IES90J3] Half-Hourly Travel Times. IES90J3 Figure 9.32: [IES90J4] Half-Hourly Travel Times. IES90J4 Figure 9.33: [IES90J5] Half-Hourly Travel Times. IES90j5 Half-Hourly Pressure Plots Figure 10.1: [PIES90G2] Half-Hourly Bottom Pressure. PIES90G2 Figure 10.2: [PIES90G3] Half-Hourly Bottom Pressure. PIES90G3 Figure 10.3: [PIES90H2] Half-Hourly Bottom Pressure. PIES90H2 Figure 10.4: [PIES90H3] Half-Hourly Bottom Pressure. PIES90H3 Figure 10.5: [PIES90H4] Half-Hourly Bottom Pressure. PIES90H4 Figure 10.6: [PIES90H5] Half-Hourly Bottom Pressure. PIES90H5 Figure 10.7: [PIES90H6] Half-Hourly Bottom Pressure. PIES90H6 Figure 10.8: [PIES90I1] Half-Hourly Bottom Pressure. PIES90I1 Figure 10.9: [PIES90I2] Half-Hourly Bottom Pressure. PIES90I2 Figure 10.10: [PIES90I3] Half-Hourly Bottom Pressure. PIES90I3 Figure 10.11: [PIES90I4] Half-Hourly Bottom Pressure. PIES90I4 Figure 10.12: [PIES90I5] Half-Hourly Bottom Pressure. PIES90I5 Half-Hourly Temperature Plots Figure 11.1: [PIES90G2] half-Hourly Temperature. PIES90G2 Figure 11.2: [PIES90G3] Half-Hourly Temperature. PIES90G3 Figure 11.3: [PIES90H2] Half-Hourly Temperature. PIES90H2 Figure 11.4: [PIES90H3] Half-Hourly Temperature. PIES90H3 Figure 11.5: [PIES90H4] Half-Hourly Temperature. PIES90H4 Figure 11.6: [PIES90H5] Half-Hourly Temperature. PIES90H5 Figure 11.7: [PIES90H6] Half-Hourly Temperature. PIES90H6 Figure 11.8: [PIES90I1] Half-Hourly Temperature. PIES90I1 Figure 11.9: [PIES90I2] Half-Hourly Temperature. PIES90I2 Figure 11.10: [PIES90I3] Half-Hourly Temperature. PIES90I3 Figure 11.11: [PIES90I4] Half-Hourly Temperature. PIES90I4 Figure 11.12: [PIES90I5] Half-Hourly Temperature. PIES90I5 Half-Hourly Residual Bottom Pressure Plots Figure 12.1: [PIES90G2] Half-Hourly Residual Bottom Pressure. PIES90G2 Figure 12.2: [PIES90G3] Half-Hourly Residual Bottom Pressure. PIES90G3 Figure 12.3: [PIES90H2] Half-Hourly Residual Bottom Pressure. PIES90H2 Figure 12.4: [PIES90H3] Half-Hourly Residual Bottom Pressure. PIES90H3 Figure 12.5: [PIES90H4] Half-Hourly Residual Bottom Pressure. PIES90H4 Figure 12.6: [PIES90H5] Half-Hourly Residual Bottom Pressure. PIES90H5 Figure 12.7: [PIES90H6] Half-Hourly Residual Bottom Pressure. PIES90H6 Figure 12.8: [PIES90I1] Half-Hourly Residual Bottom Pressure. PIES90I1 Figure 12.9: [PIES90I2] Half-Hourly Residual Bottom Pressure. PIES90I2 Figure 12.10: [PIES90I3] Half-Hourly Residual Bottom Pressure. PIES90I3 Figure 12.11: [PIES90I4] Half-Hourly Residual Bottom Pressure. PIES90I4 Figure 12.12: [PIES90I5] Half-Hourly Residual Bottom Pressure. PIES90I5 Section 4 Half-Hourly Line Plots Line plots display all records from a given section across the Gulf Stream on a single page (with exception of the H-line tau's which required two pages). Travel time, residual bottom pressure, and temperature are plotted in this section, grouped according to instrument lines, A, B, C, etc. The time axis of all line plots extends from --6000 hr to 7000 hr in increments of 1000 hr. As with the individual plots, labels indicating specific dates are centered about their yearhour equivalents (for example a label associates ``1-Jan-90'' with 0.0 yearhour). For the line plots of each variable, the vertical axes for all IESs have common increments. The individual records that compose the line plots are labeled with the site at the right, centered within the record's vertical axis. The records of travel time of TIES89C2 and TIES90C2 are plotted together in the same panel rather than separately. It was necessary to subtract an offset of .13 sec from TIES89C2 so that the records would form a continuous series and fit in the 50-msec window. The offset was introduced because TIES90C2 was at a shallower bottom depth than TIES89C2. Half-Hourly Travel Time Plots By Lines Figure 13.1: [A line] Half-Hourly Travel Times. A line Figure 13.2: [B line] Half-Hourly Travel Times. B line Figure 13.3: [C line] Half-Hourly Travel Times. C line Figure 13.4: [F line] Half-Hourly Travel Times. F line Figure 13.5: [G line] Half-Hourly Travel Times. G line Figure 13.6: [H line] Half-Hourly Travel Times. H line Figure 13.7: [I line] Half-Hourly Travel Times. I line Figure 13.8: [J line] Half-Hourly Travel Times. J line Half-Hourly Residual Bottom Pressure Plots By Lines Figure 14.1: [G line] Half-Hourly Residual Bottom Pressure. G line Figure 14.2: [H line] Half-Hourly Residual Bottom Pressure. H line Figure 14.3: [I line] Half-Hourly Residual Bottom Pressure. I line Half-Hourly Temperature Plots By Lines Figure 15.1: [G line] Half-Hourly Temperature. G line Figure 15.2: [H line] Half-Hourly Temperature. H line Figure 15.3: [I line] Half-Hourly Temperature. I line Section 5. 40HRLP Line Plots Line plots display all records from a given section across the Gulf Stream on a single page (with exception of the H-line Z12's which required two pages). 40HRLP thermocline depth, residual bottom pressure, and temperature are plotted in this section, grouped according to instrument lines, A, B, C, etc. The time axis of all line plots extends from --6000 hr to 7000 hr in increments of 1000~hr. As with the individual plots, labels indicating specific dates are centered about their yearhour equivalents (for example a label associates ``1-Jan-90'' with 0.0 yearhour). The vertical axis for all Z12 plots ranges from 1000m depth to the surface in increments of 100 m. Also as in the non-filtered plots (section 4), vertical axes have a common increment. The individual records that compose the line plots are labeled with the site at the right, centered within the record's vertical axis. TIES89C2 and TIES90C2 are plotted together in the same panel rather than separately. 40HRLP Z12 Plots By Lines Figure 16.1: [A line] 40HRLP Z12. A line Figure 16.2: [B line] 40HRLP Z12. B line Figure 16.3: [C line] 40HRLP Z12. C line Figure 16.4: [F line] 40HRLP Z12. F line Figure 16.5: [G line] 40HRLP Z12. G line Figure 16.6: [H line] 40HRLP Z12. H line Figure 16.7: [I line] 40HRLP Z12. I line Figure 16.8: [J line] 40HRLP Z12. J line 40HRLP Residual Bottom Pressure Plots By Lines Figure 17.1: [G line] 40HRLP Residual Bottom Pressure. G line Figure 17.2: [H line] 40HRLP Residual Bottom Pressure. H line Figure 17.3: [I line] 40HRLP Residual Bottom Pressure. I line 40HRLP Temperature Plots By Lines Figure 18.1: [G line] 40HRLP Temperature. G line Figure 18.2: [H line] 40HRLP Temperature. H line Figure 18.3: [I line] 40HRLP Temperature. I line Acknowledgments The SYNOP Experiment was supported by the Office of Naval Research under contract numbers N00014-90J-1568 and N00014-90J-1548 and the National Science Foundation under grant number OCE87-17144. We thank the crew of the R/V OCEANUS for their efforts during the deployment cruises, and the crew of R/V ENDEAVOR for the recovery cruise. The successful deployment and recovery of the inverted echo sounders is due to the instrument development and careful preparation done by Gerard Chaplin and Michael Mulroney. It is a pleasure to acknowledge their efforts. REFERENCES Chaplin, G. and D. R. Watts. 1984. Inverted echo sounder development. IEEE Oceans '84 Proceedings. 1, 249--253. Munk, W. H. and D. E. Cartwright. 1977. Tidal spectroscopy and prediction. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. London, 259, 533-581. Press, W.H., B.P. Flannery, S.A. Teukolsky, and W.T. Vetterling . 1988. Numerical Recipes Cambridge University Press, New York. Rossby, T. 1969. 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