Aurora Australis Marine Science Cruise AU9404 - Oceanographic Field Measurements and Analysis MARK ROSENBERG Antarctic CRC, GPO Box 252C, Hobart, Australia RUTH ERIKSEN Antarctic CRC, GPO Box 252C, Hobart, Australia STEVE BELL Antarctic CRC, GPO Box 252C, Hobart, Australia STEVE RINTOUL Antarctic CRC, GPO Box 252C, Hobart, Australia; CSIRO Division of Oceanography, Hobart, Australia LIST OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT 1 1 INTRODUCTION 1 2 CRUISE ITINERARY 2 3 CRUISE SUMMARY 3 3.1 CTD casts and water samples 3 3.2 Moorings recovered 11 3.3 XBT/XCTD deployments 11 3.4 Principal investigators 11 4 FIELD DATA COLLECTION METHODS 13 4.1 CTD and hydrology measurements 13 4.1.1 CTD Instrumentation 13 4.1.2 CTD instrument calibrations 13 4.1.3 CTD and hydrology data collection techniques 13 4.1.4 Water sampling methods 14 4.1.5 Hydrology analytical methods 16 4.2 Underway measurements 16 4.3 ADCP 16 5 MAJOR PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED 17 5.1 Logistics 17 5.2 CTD sensors 17 5.3 Other equipment 18 6 RESULTS 18 6.1 CTD measurements 18 6.1.1 Creation of CTD 2 dbar-averaged and upcast burst data 18 Conductivity 18 Dissolved oxygen 19 Summary 19 6.1.2 CTD data quality 20 Pressure 20 Salinity 21 Temperature 21 Dissolved Oxygen 22 Fluorescence and P.A.R. Data 23 6.2 Hydrology data 23 6.2.1 Hydrology data quality 23 Nutrients 23 6.2.2 Hydrology sample replicates 24 Replicate samples drawn from the same Niskin bottle 24 LIST OF CONTENTS (continued) Page Replicate samples drawn from different Niskin bottles tripped at same depth 24 7 HISTORICAL DATA COMPARISONS 25 7.1 Dissolved oxygen 25 7.2 Salinity 25 7.3 Nutrients 26 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 47 REFERENCES 47 APPENDIX 1 CTD Instrument Calibrations 49 APPENDIX 2: WOCE Data Format Addendum 51 A2.1 INTRODUCTION 51 A2.2 CTD 2 DBAR-AVERAGED DATA FILES 51 A2.3 HYDROLOGY DATA FILES 51 A2.4 CONVERSION OF UNITS FOR DISSOLVED OXYGEN AND NUTRIENTS 51 A2.4.1 Dissolved oxygen 51 A2.4.2 Nutrients 52 A2.5 STATION INFORMATION FILES 53 REFERENCES 53 LIST OF FIGURES Page Figure 1: CTD station positions for RSV Aurora Australis cruise AU9404 along WOCE transects S4 and SR3, and current meter mooring locations. 3 Figure 2: Temperature residual (Ttherm - Tcal) versus station number. 27 Figure 3: Conductivity ratio c btl /c cal versus station number. 28 Figure 4: Salinity residual (s btl - s cal ) versus station number. 29 Figure 5: Dissolved oxygen residual (obtl - ocal) versus station number. 30 Figure 6: Absolute value of parameter differences for replicate samples. 31 Figure 7: CTD dissolved oxygen vertical profile data for comparison of au9404 and au9407 data. 32 Figure 8: Variation with latitude south along the SR3 transect of properties at the deep salinity maximum; cruises au9404 and au9407. 33 Figure 9: Bulk plot of nitrate+nitrite versus phosphate for all au9404 and au9407 data along the SR3 transect, together with linear best fit lines. 34 Figure 10: Meridional variation along the SR3 transect of CTD temperature, phosphate concentration, and nitrate+nitrite to phosphate ratio, all at the near surface Niskin bottle. 35 LIST OF TABLES Page Table 1: Summary of cruise itinerary. 2 Table 2: Summary of station information for RSV Aurora Australis cruise AU9404. 4 Table 3: Summary of samples drawn from Niskin bottles at each station. 8 Table 4: Current meter moorings recovered along SR3 transect. 10 Table 5: Upward looking sonar (ULS) mooring recovered. 10 Table 6a: Principal investigators (*=cruise participant) for water sampling programmes. 11 Table 6b: Scientific personnel (cruise participants). 12 Table 7: ADCP logging parameters. 17 Table 8: Summary of cautions to CTD data quality. 22 Table 9a: Precision data for replicates drawn from same Niskin bottle. 24 Table 9b: Precision data for replicates drawn from Niskin bottles tripped at the same depth. 25 Table 10: Surface pressure offsets. 36 Table 11: CTD conductivity calibration coefficients. 37 Table 12: Station-dependent-corrected conductivity slope term (F2 + F3 . N). 38 Table 13: CTD raw data scans, mostly in the vicinity of artificial density inversions, flagged for special treatment. 39 Table 14: Suspect 2 dbar averages. 40 Table 15a: Suspect 2 dbar-averaged data from near the surface (applies to all parameters other than dissolved oxygen, except where noted). 40 Table 15b: Suspect 2 dbar-averaged dissolved oxygen data from near the surface. 40 Table 16: CTD dissolved oxygen calibration coefficients. 41 Table 17: Starting values for CTD dissolved oxygen calibration coefficients prior to iteration, and coefficients varied during iteration. 43 Table 18: Questionable dissolved oxygen Niskin bottle sample values (not deleted from hydrology data file). 45 Table 19: Questionable nutrient sample values (not deleted from hydrology data file). 45 Table 20: Laboratory temperatures Tl at the times of nutrient analyses. 46 Table 21: Dissolved oxygen Niskin bottle samples flagged as -9 for dissolved oxygen calibration. 46 LIST OF TABLES (continued) Page Table 22: Stations containing fluorescence (fl) and photosynthetically active radiation (par) 2 dbar-averaged data. 47 Table 23: Protected and unprotected reversing thermometers used for cruise AU9404 (serial numbers are listed). 47 APPENDIX 1 Table A1.1: Calibration coefficients and calibration dates for CTD serial numbers 1103 and 1193 (unit nos 7 and 5 respectively) used during RSV Aurora Australis cruise AU9404. 49 APPENDIX 2 Table A2.1: Definition of quality flags for CTD data. 52 Table A2.2: Definition of quality flags for Niskin bottles. 52 Table A2.3: Definition of quality flags for water samples in *.sea files. 53 ABSTRACT Oceanographic measurements were conducted along WOCE Southern Ocean meridional section SR3 between Tasmania and Antarctica, and along the part of WOCE Southern Ocean zonal section S4 lying between approximately 110 and 162o E, from December 1994 to February 1995. An array of 4 current meter moorings at approximately 51 o S in the vicinity of the SR3 line was successfully recovered. A total of 107 CTD vertical profile stations were taken, most to near bottom. Over 2380 Niskin bottle water samples were collected for the measurement of salinity, dissolved oxygen, nutrients, chlorofluorocarbons, helium, tritium, dissolved inorganic carbon, alkalinity, carbon isotopes, dissolved organic carbon, dimethyl sulphide/dimethyl sulphoniopropionate, iodate/iodide, oxygen 18, primary productivity, and biological parameters, using a 24 bottle rosette sampler. Near surface current data were collected using a ship mounted ADCP. Measurement and data processing techniques are summarised, and a summary of the data is presented in graphical and tabular form. 1 INTRODUCTION Marine science cruise AU9404, the third oceanographic cruise of the Cooperative Research Centre for the Antarctic and Southern Ocean Environment (Antarctic CRC), was conducted aboard the Australian Antarctic Division vessel RSV Aurora Australis from December 1994 to February 1995. The major constituent of the cruise was the collection of oceanographic data relevant to the Australian Southern Ocean WOCE Hydrographic Program, along WOCE sections S4 (traversed west to east) and SR3 (traversed south to north) (Figure 1). The primary scientific objectives of this program are summarised in Rosenberg et al. (1995a). Section SR3 was occupied three times previously, in the spring of 1991 (Rintoul and Bullister, submitted), in the autumn of 1993 (Rosenberg et al., 1995a), and in the summer of 1993/94 (Rosenberg et al., 1995b). Zonal section S4 represents a circumnavigation of the globe in the Southern Ocean, with the various parts to be completed by different WOCE participants. The part of S4 completed on this cruise (Figure 1) was a first time occupation. At the western end of the S4 transect, seven of the stations were occupied by the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute ship R.V. Knorr (M. McCartney, pers. comm.) several days prior to occupation by the Aurora Australis. These stations are intended to provide cross-calibrations for the tracer samples and CTD measurements collected by both vessels. An array of four full depth current meter moorings, in the vicinity of the SR3 line at the latitude of the Subantarctic Front, was successfully recovered. The moorings had been deployed in the autumn of 1993 by the Aurora Australis, and at the time of writing, have since been redeployed in the same region by the SCRIPPS ship R.V. Melville as part of a larger mooring array (principal investigators Luther, D., Chave, A., Richman, J., Filloux, J., Rintoul, S. and Church, J.). Additional CTD measurements were made at the four mooring locations. This report describes the collection of oceanographic data from the SR3 and S4 transects, and summarises the chemical analysis and data processing methods employed. Brief comparisons are also made with existing historical data. All information required for use of the data set is presented in tabular and graphical form. 2 CRUISE ITINERARY The cruise commenced with recovery of one of the current meter moorings at ~50o 25'S (Table 4). Increasing winds prevented further recoveries, so it was decided to continue south leaving retrieval of the remaining moorings for the return leg to Hobart. En route to the Australian Antarctic base Casey, a deep water test CTD cast was conducted, and three CTD stations were occupied along the S4 transect. An upward looking sonar mooring (Bush, 1994) (Table 5) was recovered in the vicinity of Casey; an unsuccessful attempt was made to recover an additional upward looking sonar mooring. Following approximately a week of cargo operations at Casey, the S4 transect proper commenced at ~110oE. Due to time constraints, the originally planned station spacing of 30 nautical miles was increased to 45 nautical miles for most of the S4 transect. Included in the section were stations coinciding with the 7 stations occupied by the Knorr (stations 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16 and 17 in Table 2 correspond respectively with Knorr stations 85, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91 and 92). Also included were stations coinciding with locations sampled on the meridional sections SR3 and P11 (see Rosenberg et al., 1995a, for description of the P11 transect). Favourable sea ice and weather conditions permitted conclusion of S4 in 560 m of water just off Young Island in the Balleny Island group (Figure 1). On the return west to the start of the SR3 section, a shallow test cast was conducted to test the Niskin bottles for CFC blank levels. The SR3 section commenced with 4 CTD stations at various locations on the shelf in the d'Urville Sea, beginning near Commonwealth Bay. Further north, between 61.3o S and 55.5o S, the station spacing was again increased from 30 to 45 nautical miles, due to further time constraints. Following recovery of the remaining 3 current meter moorings (Table 4) around the Subantarctic Front and additional CTD casts at these sites, the SR3 section was completed. A final CTD cast was conducted to test a suspect instrument before returning to Hobart. Table 1: Summary of cruise itinerary. Expedition Designation Cruise AU9404 (cruise acronym WOCET), encompassing WOCE sections S4 and SR3 Chief Scientist Steve Rintoul, CSIRO Ship RSV Aurora Australis Ports of Call Casey Cruise Dates December 13 1994 to February 2 1995 3 CRUISE SUMMARY 3.1 CTD casts and water samples In the course of the cruise, 107 CTD casts were completed along the S4 and SR3 sections (Figure 1) (Table 2), plus additional locations, with most casts reaching to within 15 m of the sea floor (Table 2). Over 2380 Niskin bottle water samples were collected for the measurement of salinity, dissolved oxygen, nutrients (orthophosphate, nitrate plus nitrite, and reactive silicate), chlorofluorocarbons, helium, tritium, dissolved inorganic carbon, alkalinity, carbon isotopes (14 C and 13 C), dissolved organic carbon, dimethyl sulphide/dimethyl sulphoniopropionate, iodate/iodide, 18O, primary productivity, and biological parameters, using a 24 bottle rosette sampler. Table 3 provides a summary of samples drawn at each station. Principal investigators for the various water sampling programmes are listed in Table 6a. For all stations, the different samples were drawn in a fixed sequence, as discussed in section 4.1.3. The methods for drawing samples are discussed in section 4.1.4. Figure 1: CTD station positions for RSV Aurora Australis cruise AU9404 along WOCE transects S4 and SR3, and current meter mooring locations. Table 2 (following 3 pages): Summary of station information for RSV Aurora Australis cruise AU9404. The information shown includes time, date, position and ocean depth for the start of the cast, at the bottom of the cast, and for the end of the cast. The maximum pressure reached for each cast, and the altimeter reading at the bottom of each cast (i.e. elevation above the sea bed) are also included. Missing ocean depth values are due to noise from the ship's bow thrusters interfering with the echo sounder. For casts which do not reach to within 100 m of the bed (i.e. the altimeter range), or for which the altimeter was not functioning, there is no altimeter value. For station names, TEST is a test cast. Note that all times are UTC (i.e. GMT). CTD unit 7 (serial no. 1103) was used for stations 1 to 18; CTD unit 5 (serial no. 1193) was used for stations 19 to 106; CTD unit 6 (serial no. 2568) was used for station 107. station START maxP BOTTOM END number time date latitude (dbar) time latitude time latitude longitude depth(m) longitude depth(m) longitude depth(m) altimeter 1 TEST 0023 20-DEC-94 4308 0311 57:32.11S 0355 57:32.32S 57:30.52S 127:47.81E 127:49.47E - - 127:50.31E 4700 4690 2 S4 1531 21-DEC-94 4186 1700 61:59.06S 1837 61:58.78S 61:59.51S 120:00.55E 120:01.68E 4170 - 120:01.76E 4170 4170 3 S4 2147 21-DEC-94 4266 2322 62:00.67S 0115 62:01.00S 62:00.30S 119:00.65E 119:02.14E 4215 - 119:04.59E 4215 4215 4 S4 0556 22-DEC-94 4304 0752 62:00.30S 0949 62:00.81S 61:59.97S 118:00.14E 118:01.60E 4260 - 118:03.48E 4260 4260 5 S4 1206 2-JAN-95 182 1215 66:15.79S 1223 66:15.73S 66:15.84S 110:22.41E 110:22.35E - 20.0 110:22.42E 199 203 6 S4 1439 2-JAN-95 192 1516 65:59.26S 1544 65:59.51S 65:59.05S 109:54.21E 109:54.96E 183 9.7 109:55.07E 158 255 7 S4 1412 3-JAN-95 644 1457 65:23.10S 1548 65:22.73S 65:23.42S 112:33.55E 112:33.20E 656 17.4 112:32.86E 737 482 8 S4 1750 3-JAN-95 1120 1835 65:18.52S 1939 65:17.89S 65:18.37S 112:32.75E 112:32.25E 1157 13.7 112:32.04E 1164 1170 9 S4 2354 3-JAN-95 2284 0115 64:57.66S 0224 64:57.44S 64:57.93S 112:10.14E 112:09.60E 2315 13.1 112:09.31E 2321 2310 10 S4 0416 4-JAN-95 2274 0536 64:44.88S 0708 64:44.82S 64:44.42S 111:55.21E 111:55.05E 2300 9.5 111:54.89E 2300 2250 11 S4 1002 4-JAN-95 2866 1127 64:30.87S 1303 64:30.63S 64:30.92S 111:24.85E 111:25.77E 2860 13.5 111:27.38E 2860 2900 12 S4 1606 4-JAN-95 2304 1704 64:06.06S 1829 64:06.20S 64:06.06S 112:05.20E 112:05.92E 2315 11.0 112:06.66E 2290 2360 13 S4 2057 4-JAN-95 3364 2226 63:40.80S 0001 63:40.28S 63:41.02S 112:36.06E 112:36.48E 3360 12.2 112:35.89E 3365 3358 14 S4 0308 5-JAN-95 3596 0441 63:16.50S 0628 63:16.69S 63:16.51S 113:12.28E 113:13.00E - 13.5 113:13.49E - 3590 15 S4 1112 5-JAN-95 3494 1220 62:50.82S 1348 62:50.58S 62:50.95S 113:48.94E 113:49.10E - - 113:49.06E - 3450 16 S4 1713 5-JAN-95 4118 1831 62:25.33S 2026 62:25.95S 62:25.17S 114:26.07E 114:25.68E 4086 12.9 114:25.45E 4080 4080 17 S4 2304 5-JAN-95 4286 0033 62:00.03S 0214 62:00.09S 62:00.05S 114:59.98E 115:01.00E 4255 12.6 115:02.40E 4245 4250 18 S4 0607 6-JAN-95 4290 0744 61:59.69S 0936 61:59.70S 62:00.17S 116:29.70E 116:30.46E 4250 14.0 116:31.81E 4250 4250 19 S4 1730 6-JAN-95 4220 1914 62:00.32S 2049 62:00.48S 61:59.98S 119:59.82E 120:01.36E 4175 12.9 120:02.95E 4182 4180 20 S4 0001 7-JAN-95 4174 0139 61:59.80S 0331 61:59.70S 62:00.02S 121:24.93E 121:26.89E 4150 13.2 121:28.11E 4140 4153 21 S4 0711 7-JAN-95 4290 0842 62:00.17S 1031 62:00.54S 62:00.01S 122:49.60E 122:50.44E 4250 5.5 122:51.60E 4250 4250 22 S4 1356 7-JAN-95 4306 1520 62:00.11S 1704 62:00.66S 61:59.91S 124:14.98E 124:15.38E 4265 7.1 124:15.49E 4265 4267 23 S4 2027 7-JAN-95 4378 2211 62:00.22S 2349 62:00.34S 61:59.92S 125:39.57E 125:39.58E 4337 18.1 125:39.54E 4335 4338 24 S4 0328 8-JAN-95 4410 0510 62:00.44S 0700 62:01.13S 62:00.04S 127:04.94E 127:05.46E 4365 17.0 127:05.55E 4360 4360 25 S4 1033 8-JAN-95 4448 1221 62:00.73S 1406 62:01.23S 62:00.04S 128:29.96E 128:31.57E 4400 12.3 128:32.95E 4400 4400 26 S4 1709 8-JAN-95 4540 1903 62:00.25S 2041 62:00.70S 61:59.83S 129:54.96E 129:56.74E 4495 15.6 129:58.36E 4499 4490 27 S4 0008 9-JAN-95 4586 0150 62:00.57S 0329 62:01.08S 62:00.07S 131:19.79E 131:20.04E 4540 15.0 131:20.45E 4540 4530 28 S4 0704 9-JAN-95 4514 0858 61:59.92S 1054 62:00.09S 62:00.10S 132:44.80E 132:45.64E 4460 17.6 132:46.83E 4460 4460 29 S4 1454 9-JAN-95 4414 1634 62:01.41S 1826 62:01.30S 62:01.23S 134:10.49E 134:11.11E 4370 12.4 134:11.22E 4370 4370 30 S4 2205 9-JAN-95 4376 2359 62:00.35S 0151 61:59.81S 62:00.19S 135:35.04E 135:35.07E 4330 11.9 135:35.31E - 4335 31 S4 0611 10-JAN-95 3964 0800 61:59.94S 0949 61:59.34S 61:59.99S 137:00.09E 137:01.31E 3850 13.7 137:01.14E 3900 3900 32 S4 1311 10-JAN-95 4036 1453 62:09.51S 1650 62:09.01S 62:10.08S 138:24.63E 138:27.19E 4020 14.7 138:29.60E 4031 3990 33 S4 2009 10-JAN-95 3994 2155 62:21.54S 2343 62:22.09S 62:21.05S 139:51.96E 139:53.39E 3970 13.2 139:53.47E 3960 3950 34 S4 0357 11-JAN-95 4230 0638 62:28.15S 0820 62:27.38S 62:28.75S 141:01.77E 141:03.29E 4205 13.4 141:04.32E 4210 4180 35 S4 1130 11-JAN-95 4170 1335 62:35.86S 1515 62:35.68S 62:35.86S 142:11.92E 142:12.37E 4140 14.9 142:12.58E 4140 4140 36 S4 1925 11-JAN-95 4154 2118 62:45.83S 2300 62:46.56S 62:45.08S 143:36.91E 143:36.16E 4125 14.5 143:36.82E 4125 4110 station START maxP BOTTOM END number time date latitude (dbar) time latitude time latitude longitude depth(m) longitude depth(m) longitude depth(m) altimeter 37 S4 0215 12-JAN-95 4058 0411 62:54.22S 0602 62:54.13S 62:53.96S 145:01.65E 145:03.26E 4030 13.1 145:04.60E 4030 4030 38 S4 0910 12-JAN-95 3982 1047 63:03.12S 1238 63:03.43S 63:03.00S 146:26.98E 146:27.96E 3955 14.6 146:29.37E 3955 3955 39 S4 1541 12-JAN-95 3940 1728 63:10.65S 1858 63:10.33S 63:11.17S 147:50.05E 147:50.90E 3920 16.0 147:51.15E 3920 3915 40 S4 2227 12-JAN-95 3820 0006 63:18.64S 0150 63:18.82S 63:18.27S 149:11.87E 149:12.55E 3780 12.6 149:12.47E 3800 3810 41 S4 0502 13-JAN-95 3780 0634 63:25.89S 0805 63:25.59S 63:25.89S 150:38.93E 150:39.78E 3755 10.1 150:39.75E 3755 3765 42 S4 1116 13-JAN-95 3694 1250 63:25.64S 1439 63:25.24S 63:26.03S 152:10.57E 152:10.83E 3680 16.5 152:10.98E 3680 3680 43 S4 1749 13-JAN-95 3122 1902 63:26.19S 2019 63:26.25S 63:26.11S 153:41.67E 153:41.41E 3110 13.3 153:40.98E 3115 3125 44 S4 2323 13-JAN-95 3108 0052 63:26.10S 0212 63:25.77S 63:26.10S 155:10.47E 155:10.90E 3116 13.6 155:11.32E 3135 2960 45 S4 0525 14-JAN-95 3226 0656 63:25.85S 0812 63:25.75S 63:26.01S 156:39.18E 156:39.08E 3230 17.4 156:39.11E 3230 3230 46 S4 1147 14-JAN-95 2638 1308 63:26.03S 1418 63:25.62S 63:26.03S 158:10.12E 158:09.91E - 19.0 158:09.43E - 2550 47 S4 1917 14-JAN-95 1020 1956 63:25.64S 2010 63:25.49S 63:25.74S 159:26.55E 159:26.43E 2710 - 159:26.69E 2700 2710 48 S4 0149 15-JAN-95 2844 0302 64:00.89S 0418 64:01.29S 64:00.62S 160:10.96E 160:10.71E 2870 20.7 160:11.02E 2870 2880 49 S4 0949 15-JAN-95 3088 1113 64:37.32S 1241 64:36.91S 64:37.34S 160:43.55E 160:44.28E 3070 14.8 160:45.12E 3130 3050 50 S4 2005 15-JAN-95 3096 2120 65:18.04S 2246 65:18.20S 65:17.95S 161:24.01E 161:23.80E 3100 13.8 161:23.80E 3100 3100 51 S4 0527 16-JAN-95 2964 0648 65:56.02S 0803 65:55.52S 65:56.27S 162:03.08E 162:03.34E 2970 17.1 162:03.49E 2970 2970 52 S4 1042 16-JAN-95 1552 1150 66:06.67S 1259 66:06.41S 66:06.84S 162:14.65E 162:14.18E 1510 14.6 162:13.83E 1560 1510 53 S4 1443 16-JAN-95 550 1505 66:09.10S 1533 66:09.03S 66:09.13S 162:15.49E 162:15.34E 568 11.0 162:15.18E 572 567 54 TEST 0301 18-JAN-95 1038 0345 64:13.93S 0417 64:14.00S 64:13.75S 155:19.95E 155:19.70E 3210 - 155:19.65E 3210 3210 55 SR3 0525 19-JAN-95 812 0556 66:36.28S 0640 66:36.84S 66:35.97S 144:09.76E 144:09.63E 850 17.1 144:09.33E 850 850 56 SR3 1412 19-JAN-95 436 1441 66:00.51S 1505 66:00.64S 66:00.55S 142:39.77E 142:39.20E 458 14.1 142:39.06E 460 455 57 SR3 1910 19-JAN-95 308 1920 65:50.58S 1950 65:50.44S 65:50.53S 141:25.71E 141:25.58E 329 14.6 141:24.97E 335 332 58 SR3 2312 19-JAN-95 526 2338 65:35.12S 0013 65:35.43S 65:34.98S 139:51.24E 139:50.37E 528 11.5 139:49.25E 436 595 59 SR3 0137 20-JAN-95 1242 0234 65:32.49S 0337 65:32.58S 65:32.24S 139:51.19E 139:51.11E 1300 17.4 139:50.69E 1260 1300 60 SR3 0444 20-JAN-95 1988 0550 65:26.26S 0654 65:26.48S 65:25.93S 139:50.77E 139:50.68E 1950 19.2 139:51.07E - 1875 61 SR3 0905 20-JAN-95 2750 1020 65:04.75S 1131 65:04.35S 65:04.98S 139:50.83E 139:51.64E 2680 17.5 139:52.41E 2590 2795 62 SR3 1304 20-JAN-95 2570 1417 64:49.40S 1538 64:50.10S 64:49.03S 139:50.94E 139:49.38E 2585 12.0 139:47.95E 2530 2600 63 SR3 1819 20-JAN-95 3472 1930 64:17.16S 2047 64:17.20S 64:16.92S 139:52.08E 139:51.31E 3465 11.8 139:51.36E 3465 3470 64 SR3 2301 20-JAN-95 3758 0042 63:51.57S 0242 63:51.27S 63:51.92S 139:50.81E 139:52.15E 3748 13.9 139:54.55E 3748 3743 65 SR3 0528 21-JAN-95 3832 0653 63:21.70S 0828 63:22.16S 63:21.19S 139:50.91E 139:50.47E 3810 13.0 139:51.22E 3810 3820 66 SR3 1051 21-JAN-95 3224 1216 62:50.85S 1348 62:50.61S 62:51.09S 139:50.70E 139:51.08E 3230 17.0 139:51.54E 3250 3220 67 SR3 1659 21-JAN-95 3988 1821 62:20.45S 1946 62:20.20S 62:20.78S 139:50.44E 139:49.66E 3960 15.4 139:49.60E 3960 3970 68 SR3 2215 21-JAN-95 4338 0001 61:51.09S 0145 61:51.32S 61:50.98S 139:51.26E 139:51.16E 4301 15.1 139:51.11E 4300 4300 69 SR3 0426 22-JAN-95 4390 0608 61:21.89S 0744 61:22.57S 61:21.06S 139:51.48E 139:53.30E 4340 14.9 139:54.52E 4345 4340 70 SR3 1124 22-JAN-95 4472 1258 60:36.15S 1449 60:35.91S 60:35.99S 139:50.67E 139:49.93E 4435 14.1 139:48.93E 4430 4440 71 SR3 1815 22-JAN-95 4532 2006 59:50.88S 2139 59:51.12S 59:50.90S 139:50.94E 139:51.78E 4480 11.0 139:52.93E 4480 4485 72 SR3 0121 23-JAN-95 3954 0308 59:05.67S 0440 59:05.94S 59:05.96S 139:51.25E 139:51.61E 3905 12.9 139:51.86E 3925 3950 station START maxP BOTTOM END number time date latitude (dbar) time latitude time latitude longitude depth(m) longitude depth(m) longitude depth(m) altimeter 73 SR3 0818 23-JAN-95 4082 0944 58:21.07S 1103 58:20.91S 58:21.11S 139:51.22E 139:51.71E 4020 12.1 139:52.44E 4000 4000 74 SR3 1734 23-JAN-95 4134 1921 57:38.83S 2055 57:38.99S 57:38.75S 139:51.77E 139:52.72E - 16.4 139:53.62E - 4250 75 SR3 0400 24-JAN-95 4066 0551 56:56.10S 0726 56:56.07S 56:55.80S 139:49.74E 139:49.69E - - 139:50.39E - 4100 76 SR3 1258 24-JAN-95 3658 1433 56:12.03S 1609 56:11.60S 56:12.73S 140:17.60E 140:17.54E - 15.1 140:17.12E - 3620 77 SR3 1935 24-JAN-95 4186 2116 55:30.07S 2243 55:30.03S 55:30.06S 140:44.00E 140:44.29E - 19.9 140:44.65E - 3915 78 SR3 0154 25-JAN-95 3164 0323 55:00.48S 0442 55:00.58S 55:00.82S 141:00.81E 141:00.91E 3200 16.1 141:00.81E 3200 3300 79 SR3 0712 25-JAN-95 2784 0842 54:31.26S 0947 54:30.95S 54:32.38S 141:19.09E 141:19.08E 2825 17.4 141:18.25E 2910 2850 80 SR3 1224 25-JAN-95 2732 1351 54:03.33S 1511 54:02.98S 54:03.87S 141:35.86E 141:36.00E 2720 17.5 141:35.93E 2720 2600 81 SR3 1753 25-JAN-95 2542 1912 53:34.95S 2016 53:35.00S 53:35.18S 141:52.10E 141:53.05E 2490 15.9 141:53.20E 2515 2590 82 SR3 2305 25-JAN-95 3142 0015 53:07.52S 0130 53:07.48S 53:07.90S 142:08.18E 142:08.51E 3150 16.1 142:08.64E 3150 3125 83 SR3 0402 26-JAN-95 3396 0525 52:40.31S 0649 52:40.48S 52:40.06S 142:23.46E 142:24.37E 3400 10.1 142:24.41E 3390 3400 84 SR3 0906 26-JAN-95 3532 1008 52:15.82S 1118 52:16.00S 52:15.97S 142:38.13E 142:38.72E 3500 13.6 142:40.31E 3520 3500 85 SR3 1336 26-JAN-95 3650 1517 51:51.45S 1650 51:51.78S 51:51.13S 142:50.05E 142:51.75E 3610 14.1 142:52.86E 3615 3620 86 SR3 0950 27-JAN-95 3782 1113 51:25.95S 1237 51:26.29S 51:26.06S 143:02.99E 143:03.69E 3750 13.0 143:03.88E 3710 3730 87 SR3 1752 27-JAN-95 3844 1938 50:33.09S 2121 50:32.49S 50:33.31S 142:41.33E 142:43.09E 3800 14.8 142:44.91E - 3830 88 SR3 0635 28-JAN-95 3892 0814 51:02.60S 0927 51:02.71S 51:01.97S 143:13.93E 143:13.85E - 11.3 143:13.74E - 3800 89 SR3 1121 28-JAN-95 3726 1250 50:43.21S 1424 50:43.53S 50:43.05S 143:24.06E 143:24.39E 3650 13.2 143:24.69E 3665 3650 90 SR3 1647 28-JAN-95 3604 1822 50:25.23S 1938 50:25.72S 50:24.88S 143:32.04E 143:33.00E 3608 15.5 143:33.82E - 3588 91 SR3 2151 28-JAN-95 4038 2350 50:04.80S 0114 50:04.65S 50:05.08S 143:43.24E 143:44.91E - 16.7 143:45.64E - 4060 92 SR3 0318 29-JAN-95 3502 0450 49:43.11S 0601 49:42.90S 49:44.03S 143:52.96E 143:54.13E 3400 19.9 143:54.66E 3510 3540 93 SR3 1155 29-JAN-95 4346 1345 49:15.50S 1532 49:15.26S 49:16.03S 144:06.03E 144:07.83E - 16.5 144:09.02E - 4225 94 SR3 1818 29-JAN-95 4218 2015 48:46.58S 2146 48:46.36S 48:47.02S 144:19.01E 144:19.20E 4160 15.8 144:19.40E 4140 4150 95 SR3 0153 30-JAN-95 4070 0337 48:18.45S 0519 48:18.95S 48:18.66S 144:32.00E 144:31.86E 4000 4.4 144:33.03E 4095 4005 96 SR3 0745 30-JAN-95 3932 0931 47:47.88S 1058 47:47.73S 47:48.04S 144:45.07E 144:46.14E 3850 9.9 144:45.82E 3850 3925 97 SR3 1238 30-JAN-95 4354 1432 47:27.23S 1616 47:26.69S 47:27.94S 144:53.89E 144:53.70E - 14.6 144:53.94E - 4270 98 SR3 1852 30-JAN-95 4012 2039 47:09.04S 2210 47:08.97S 47:09.06S 145:02.97E 145:03.06E - 16.4 145:02.97E - 4000 99 SR3 0041 31-JAN-95 3374 0215 46:38.16S 0333 46:37.65S 46:38.89S 145:15.06E 145:15.37E 3350 14.7 145:14.88E 3350 3350 100 SR3 0545 31-JAN-95 2778 0658 46:09.22S 0807 46:08.87S 46:09.92S 145:28.08E 145:27.90E 2770 17.3 145:27.54E 2770 2730 101 SR3 1019 31-JAN-95 1962 1130 45:41.64S 1221 45:41.37S 45:41.77S 145:40.32E 145:40.36E 1875 19.5 145:40.21E 1820 2000 102 SR3 1438 31-JAN-95 2892 1601 45:13.40S 1715 45:13.78S 45:13.01S 145:51.10E 145:50.37E - 13.8 145:50.16E 2800 2860 103 SR3 1948 31-JAN-95 3220 2119 44:42.58S 2233 44:42.36S 44:42.98S 146:03.06E 146:01.93E 3190 15.1 146:01.16E 3210 3200 104 SR3 0043 1-FEB-95 2344 0157 44:22.98S 0301 44:22.98S 44:22.95S 146:10.85E 146:11.01E 2345 14.1 146:11.02E 2345 2345 105 SR3 0431 1-FEB-95 1012 0522 44:07.16S 0556 44:07.50S 44:06.89S 146:12.99E 146:13.24E 1010 17.2 146:13.26E 1070 1000 106 SR3 0707 1-FEB-95 228 0723 43:59.86S 0749 43:59.79S 44:00.00S 146:19.01E 146:18.95E 255 10.1 146:19.06E 255 254 107TEST 1047 1-FEB-95 1142 1136 44:11.71S 1226 44:12.08S 44:11.83S 146:54.77E 146:55.01E 1180 60.0 146:55.15E 1233 1200 Table 3: Summary of samples drawn from Niskin bottles at each station, including salinity (sal), dissolved oxygen (do), nutrients (nut), chlorofluorocarbons (CFC), helium/tritium (He/Tr), dissolved inorganic carbon (dic), alkalinity (alk), carbon isotopes (Ctope), dissolved organic carbon (doc), dimethyl sulphide/dimethyl sulphoniopropionate (dms), iodate/iodide (i), 18O, primary productivity (pp), "Seacat" casts (cat), and the following biological samples: pigments (pig), lugols iodine fixed plankton counts (lug), Coulter counter for particle sizing (cc), bacteria counts (bac), samples to determine presence of viruses inside algae (vir), flow cytometry (fc), video recording (vid), samples for culturing (cul), and transmission electron microscopy (te). Note that 1=samples taken, 0=no samples taken, 2=surface sample only (i.e. from shallowest Niskin bottle); and some biology samples taken from a surface bucket only. Also note that at stations 33, 50, 58, 67, 81 and 94, primary productivity samples were additionally filtered to measure d.o.c. content. ---------------biology------------------- station sal do nut CFC He/Tr dic/alk Ctope doc dms i 18O pp cat pig lug cc bac vir fc vid cul te 1 TEST 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 2 S4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 S4 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 4 S4 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 5 S4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 S4 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 7 S4 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 8 S4 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 S4 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 S4 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 11 S4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 12 S4 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 13 S4 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 14 S4 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 S4 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 16 S4 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 17 S4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 18 S4 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 19 S4 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 S4 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 21 S4 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 22 S4 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 23 S4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 24 S4 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 25 S4 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 26 S4 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 27 S4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 28 S4 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 29 S4 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 30 S4 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 31 S4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 32 S4 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 33 S4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 34 S4 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 35 S4 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 36 S4 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 37 S4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 38 S4 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 39 S4 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 40 S4 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 41 S4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 42 S4 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 43 S4 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Table 3: (continued) ---------------biology------------------- station sal do nut CFC He/Tr dic/alk Ctope doc dms i 18O pp cat pig lug cc bac vir fc vid cul te 44 S4 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 45 S4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 46 S4 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 47 S4 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 48 S4 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 49 S4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 S4 1 1 1 1 0 2 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 51 S4 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 52 S4 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 53 S4 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 54 TEST 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 55 SR3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 56 SR3 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 57 SR3 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 58 SR3 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 59 SR3 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 60 SR3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 61 SR3 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 62 SR3 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 63 SR3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 64 SR3 1 1 1 0 0 2 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 65 SR3 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 66 SR3 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 67 SR3 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 68 SR3 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 69 SR3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 70 SR3 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 71 SR3 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 72 SR3 1 1 1 1 0 2 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 73 SR3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 74 SR3 1 1 1 1 0 2 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 75 SR3 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 76 SR3 1 1 1 1 0 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 77 SR3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 78 SR3 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 79 SR3 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 80 SR3 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 81 SR3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 82 SR3 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 83 SR3 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 84 SR3 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 85 SR3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 86 SR3 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 87 SR3 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 88 SR3 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 89 SR3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 90 SR3 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 91 SR3 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 92 SR3 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 93 SR3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 94 SR3 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 95 SR3 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 96 SR3 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 97 SR3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Table 3: (continued) ---------------biology------------------- station sal do nut CFC He/Tr dic/alk Ctope doc dms i 18O pp cat pig lug cc bac vir fc vid cul te 98 SR3 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 99 SR3 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 100 SR3 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 101 SR3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 102 SR3 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 103 SR3 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 104 SR3 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 105 SR3 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 106 SR3 1 1 1 0 0 2 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 107 TEST 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Table 4: Current meter moorings recovered along SR3 transect (positions given are at times of deployment). Recovery times are for last mooring component. site recovery bottom latitude longitude current meter nearest CTD name time (UTC) depth (m) depths (m) station no. SO2 03:52, 28/01/95 3770 50o 33.19'S 142o 42.49'E 300 87 SR3 600 1000 2000 3200 SO3 00:42, 27/01/95 3800 51o 01.54'S 143o 14.35'E 300 88 SR3 600 1000 2000 3200 SO4 05:57, 27/01/95 3580 50o 42.73'S 143o 24.15'E 300 89 SR3 600 1000 2000 3200 SO5 ~09:30, 15/12/94 3500 50o 24.95'S 143o 31.97'E 1000 90 SR3 2000 3200 Table 5: Upward looking sonar (ULS) mooring recovered (including current meter [CM]) (positions given are at times of deployment). Recovery time is for last mooring component. site recovery bottom latitude longitude instrument CTD name time (UTC) depth (m) depths (m) station no. SOFAR 01:15, 24/12/94 3260 63o 17.746'S 107o 49.429'E 150 (ULS) - 200 (CM) SONEAR failed to recover - 3.2 Moorings recovered An array of four current meter moorings was recovered (Table 4) along the SR3 transect line. A single upward looking sonar mooring was recovered near Casey; an unsuccessful attempt was made to locate a second upward looking sonar mooring (Table 5). 3.3 XBT/XCTD deployments A total of 43 XBT and 26 XCTD deployments were made along the SR3 transect. The data were processed further by CSIRO Division of Oceanography (R. Bailey, pers. comm.). Results are not reported here. 3.4 Principal investigators The principal investigators for the CTD and water sample measurements are listed in Table 6a. Cruise participants are listed in Table 6b. Table 6a: Principal investigators (*=cruise participant) for water sampling programmes. measurement name affiliation CTD, salinity, O2, nutrients *Steve Rintoul CSIRO chlorofluorocarbons John Bullister NOAA, U.S.A. helium, tritium, 18 O Peter Schlosser Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, U.S.A. D.I.C., alkalinity, carbon isotopes *Bronte Tilbrook CSIRO D.O.C. Tom Trull Antarctic CRC D.M.S. Graham Jones James Cook University iodate/iodide Ed Butler CSIRO primary productivity John Parslow CSIRO biological sampling *Simon Wright Antarctic Division Table 6b: Scientific personnel (cruise participants). name measurement affiliation Ian Knott CTD, electronics Antarctic CRC Simon Marsland CTD Antarctic CRC Phil Morgan CTD CSIRO Steve Rintoul CTD, moorings CSIRO Mark Rosenberg CTD, moorings Antarctic CRC Tim Vizer CTD Antarctic CRC Andrew Woolf CTD Antarctic CRC Steve Bell salinity, oxygen, nutrients Antarctic CRC Ruth Eriksen salinity, oxygen, nutrients Antarctic CRC Adam Leggett oxygen Melbourne University Craig Neill CFC NOAA David Wisegarver CFC NOAA Dee Breger helium, tritium, 18 O Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory Brendan Coutts D.I.C., alkalinity, C isotopes Antarctic CRC Roger Dargaville D.I.C., alkalinity, C isotopes Melbourne University Bronte Tilbrook D.I.C., alkalinity, C isotopes CSIRO Susannah Hunter D.O.C. Antarctic CRC Mark Curran D.M.S. James Cook University Megan McDonald D.M.S. James Cook University Anna Brandao iodate/iodide Antarctic CRC Pru Bonham primary productivity CSIRO Fiona Scott biological sampling Antarctic Division Peter Pendoley biological sampling Antarctic Division Simon Wright deputy voyage leader, biological sampling Antarctic Division David James ornithology Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union Tim Reid ornithology Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union Rob Easther voyage leader Antarctic Division Vera Hansper computing Antarctic Division David Little doctor Antarctic Division Tim Osborne computing Antarctic Division Andrew Tabor gear officer, moorings Antarctic Division Mark Underwood electronics Antarctic Division Adam Connolly reporter The Mercury 4 FIELD DATA COLLECTION METHODS 4.1 CTD and hydrology measurements In this section, CTD, hydrology, and ADCP data collection and processing methods are discussed. Preliminary results of the CTD data calibration, along with data quality information, are presented in Section 6. 4.1.1 CTD Instrumentation The CTD instrumentation is described in Rosenberg et al. (1995b). Briefly, General Oceanics Mark IIIC (i.e. WOCE upgraded) CTD units were used. A 24 position rosette package, including a General Oceanics model 1015 pylon, and 10 litre General Oceanics Niskin bottles, was deployed for all casts. Deep sea reversing thermometers (Gohla-Precision) were mounted at rosette positions 2, 12 and 24. A Sea-Tech fluorometer and Li-Cor photosynthetically active radiation sensor were also attached to the package for some casts (Table 22). 4.1.2 CTD instrument and data calibration Complete calibration information for the CTD pressure, platinum temperature and pressure temperature sensors are presented in Appendix 1. Pre cruise pressure and platinum temperature calibrations were available for all three CTD units, performed at the CSIRO Division of Oceanography Calibration Facility, with the exception of CTD unit 6, where manufacturer supplied platinum temperature calibration coefficients were used for the single test cast where this instrument was used. Pre cruise manufacturer supplied calibrations of the pressure temperature sensors were used for the cruise data. Note that readings from this sensor are applied in a correction formula for pressure data. The complete CTD conductivity and dissolved oxygen calibrations, derived respectively from the in situ Niskin bottle salinity and dissolved oxygen samples, are presented in a later section. Manufacturer supplied calibrations were applied to the fluorescence and p.a.r. data (Appendix 1). These calibrations are not expected to be correct - correct scaling of fluorescence and p.a.r. data awaits linkage with primary productivity and Seacat (section 3.2) data. The CTD and hydrology data processing and calibration techniques are described in detail in Appendix 2 of Rosenberg et al. (1995b) (referred to as "CTD methodology" for the remainder of the report). Note however the following updates to the methodology: (i) the 10 seconds of CTD data prior to each bottle firing are averaged to form the CTD upcast for use in calibration (5 seconds was used previously); (ii) the minimum number of data points required in a 2 dbar bin to form an average was set to 6 (i.e. jmin=6; for previous cruises, jmin=10); (iii) in the conductivity calibration for some stations, an additional term was applied to remove the pressure dependent conductivity residual; (iv) CTD raw data obtained from the CTD logging PC's no longer contain end of record characters after every 128 bytes. 4.1.3 CTD and hydrology data collection techniques Data collection techniques are described in Rosenberg et al. (1995b). A fixed sequence was followed for the drawing of water samples on deck, as follows: first sample: CFC D.O.C dissolved oxygen DMS/DMSP helium D.I.C. alkalinity carbon isotopes primary productivity salinity nutrients iodate/iodide 18O tritium last sample: biology (see Table 3 for a summary of which samples were drawn at each station). 4.1.4 Water sampling methods The methods used for drawing the various water samples from the Niskin bottles are described here. Chlorofluorocarbons: 100 ml samples are taken using precision ground glass syringes, following a series of rinses; care is taken to ensure bubble free samples. Dissolved organic carbon: Sample jar volume = 250 ml (jars baked for 12 hours at 550oC) During d.o.c. sampling, polyethylene gloves were worn by the sampler. The gloves were changed every second sample. * rinse spiggot copiously with sample water * rinse sample jar twice * fill jar with ~200 ml and screw cap on tightly After sampling, the jars are stored in the dark in a freezer at -18oC. Dissolved oxygen: sample bottle volume = 150 ml Bottles are washed and left partially filled with fresh water before use. Tight fitting silicon tubing is attached to the Niskin spiggot for sample drawing. Pickling reagent 1 is 3 M MnCl2 (1.0 ml used); reagent 2 is 8 N NaOH/4 M NaI (1.0 ml used); reagent 3 is 10 N H 2SO 4 (1.0 ml used). * start water flow through tube for several seconds, making sure no bubbles remain in tube * pinch off flow in tube, and insert into bottom of sample bottle * let flow commence slowly into bottle, gradually increasing by releasing tubing, at all times ensuring no bubbles enter the sample and that turbulence is kept to a minimum * fill bottle, overflow by at least one full volume * pinch off tube and slowly remove so that bottle remains full to the brim, then rinse glass stopper * immediately pickle with reagents 1 then 2, inserting reagent dispenser at least 1 cm below water surface * insert glass stopper, ensuring no bubbles are trapped in sample * thoroughly shake sample (at least 30 vigorous inversions) * store samples in the dark until analysis * acidify samples with reagent 3 immediately prior to analysis DMS and DMSP: Sample containers are quickly rinsed, then filled. For shallow samples only, a 750 ml amber glass bottle is used. For full profile sampling, samples for filtering are collected in 250 ml polyethylene screwcap jars; unfiltered samples are collected in 140 ml amber glass bottles. Helium: Plastic tubing is attached to both ends of a 2 foot length of copper tubing, with one of the plastic tubes attached to the Niskin spiggot. The copper tube is self flushed as air bubbles work out of the intake tube; the copper and plastic tube are struck to ensure no bubbles are trapped during filling. The plastic hoses are clamped, and the assembly removed to a hydraulic press where the copper tube is cut and crimped at either end, and in the middle. Dissolved inorganic carbon: sample bottle volume = 250 ml Tight fitting silicon tubing is attached to the Niskin spiggot for sample drawing. Samples are poisoned with 100 ml of a saturated solution of HgCl2. * drain remaining old sample from the bottle * start water flow through tube for several seconds, making sure no bubbles remain in tube * insert tube into bottom of inverted sample bottle, allowing water to flush bottle for several seconds * pinch off flow in tube, and invert sample bottle to upright position, keeping tube in bottom of bottle * let flow commence slowly into bottle, gradually increasing, at all times ensuring no bubbles enter the sample * fill bottle, overflow by one full volume, and rinse cap * shake a small amount of water from top, so that water level is between threads and bottle shoulder * insert tip of poison dispenser just into sample, and poison * screw on cap, and invert bottle several times to allow poison to disperse through sample Alkalinity: These are sampled and poisoned in the same fashion as dissolved inorganic carbon, except that 500 ml bottles are used. Carbon Isotopes: These are sampled and poisoned in the same fashion as dissolved inorganic carbon, except that 500 ml glass stoppered vacuum flasks are used, and vacuum grease is placed around the stopper before inserting. Primary productivity: Sampled from casts taken during daylight hours; samples were drawn for analysis of primary productivity and suspended particle size (taken from the shallowest four Niskin bottles). At most primary productivity sites, a Seabird "Seacat" CTD was deployed to obtain vertical profiles of photosynthetically active radiation (p.a.r.) and fluorescence from the top part of the water column. For primary productivity samples, 500 ml blacked out plastic jars are quickly rinsed then gently filled with ~400 ml of water through a length of tubing attached to the Niskin spiggot. Samples for particle size analysis are collected in 250 ml plastic bottles (with a single quick rinse prior to filling). Salinity: sample bottle volume = 300 ml * drain remaining old sample from the bottle (bottles are always stored approximately 1/3 full with water between stations) * rinse bottle and cap 3 times with 100 ml of sample (shaking thoroughly each time); on each rinse, contents of sample bottle are poured over the Niskin bottle spiggot * fill bottle with sample, to bottle shoulder, and screw cap on firmly At all filling stages, care is taken not to let the Niskin bottle spiggot touch the sample bottle. Nutrients: sample tube volume = 12 ml Two nutrient sample tubes are filled simultaneously at each Niskin bottle. * rinse tubes and caps 3 times * fill tubes * shake out water from tubes so that water level is at or below marking line 2 cm below top of tubes (10 ml mark), and screw on caps firmly After sampling, one set of tubes are refrigerated for analysis within 12 hours; the duplicate set of tubes are placed in a freezer until required. Iodate: same as for nutrients Iodide: same as for nutrients, except 100 ml plastic bottle used. 18O: Sample bottle volume = 20 ml Sample bottles given 3 quick rinses, then filled. Tritium: 1 litre argon-filled bottles are filled to the top, minus headspace. Biological sampling: Several different analyses were performed on the biological water samples, as listed in Table 3. Biological samples were usually drawn from the shallowest four or five Niskin bottles, with additional samples collected from a surface bucket. 4.1.5 Hydrology analytical methods The analytical techniques and data processing routines employed in the Hydrographic Laboratory onboard the ship are discussed in Appendix 3 of Rosenberg et al. (1995b). Note the following changes to the methodology: (i) 150 ml sample bottles were used (300 ml bottles had been used previously), and 1.0 ml of reagents 1, 2 and 3 were used (2.0 ml used previously); the corresponding calculation value for the total amount of oxygen added with the reagents = 0.017 ml (0.034 ml previously); (ii) exact oxygen sample bottle volumes were individually measured, and applied for each individual bottle in the calculation of dissolved oxygen concentration. 4.2 Underway measurements Throughout the cruise, the ship's data logging system continuously recorded bottom depth, ship's position and motion, surface water properties and meteorological information. All measurements were quality controlled during the cruise, to remove bad data (Ryan, 1995). After quality controlling of the automatically logged GPS data set, gaps (due to missing data and data flagged as bad) are automatically filled by dead-reckoned positions (using the ship's speed and heading). Positions used for CTD stations are derived from this final GPS data set. Bottom depth is measured by a Simrad EA200 12 kHz echo sounder. A sound speed of 1498 ms-1 is used for all depth calculations, and the ship's draught of 7.3 m has been accounted for in final depth values (i.e. depths are values from the surface). Seawater is pumped on board via an inlet at 7 m below the surface. A portion of this water is diverted to the thermosalinograph (Aplied Microsystems Ltd, model STD-12), and to the fluorometer (Turner Design, peak sensitivity for chlorophyll-a). Sea surface temperatures are measured by a sensor next to the seawater inlet at 7 m depth. The underway measurements for the cruise are contained in column formatted ascii files. The two file types are as follows (see Appendix 4 in Rosenberg et al., 1995b, for a complete description): (i) 10 second digitised underway measurement data, including time, latitude, longitude, depth and sea surface temperature; (ii) 15 minute averaged data, including time, latitude and longitude, air pressure, wind speed and direction, air temperature, humidity, quantum radiation, ship speed and heading, roll and pitch, sea surface salinity and temperature, average fluorescence, and seawater flow. xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx 4.3 ADCP A vessel mounted acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) was installed in the hull during dry-docking of the ship in mid 1994. The unit is a high power 150 kHz narrow band ADCP produced by RD Instruments. The four transducer heads are mounted in a concave Janus configuration, with the beams 30 degrees off vertical, and with the transducers aligned at 45o to fore and aft. The transducers are mounted in a seachest ~7 m below the water surface, behind a 81 mm thick low density polyethylene window, with the window flush to the ship's hull. The inside of the seachest is lined with acoustic tiles (polyurethane with barytes and air microsphere fillers), and filled with hypersaline water. ADCP data were logged on a Sparc 5 Sun workstation. Logging parameters are listed in Table 7. An array of sounders is mounted on the ship for use in hydroacoustic biology surveys (T. Pauly, pers. comm.). When these sounders are in operation, firing of the ADCP is synchronised with the sounder trigger pulses, to avoid interference between the two systems. When this synchronisation is active, the ADCP ping rate is lowered by ~35%. When the ADCP system bottom tracking is active, the ping rate is decreased by ~50 %. Gyrocompass heading data were logged on the Sun through a synchro to digital converter, at a one second sampling frequency. GPS data collected by a Lowrance receiver were also logged by the Sun; the Lowrance unit received GPS positions every 2 seconds, and GPS velocities every 2 seconds, with positions and velocities received on alternate seconds. ADCP data processing is discussed in more detail in Dunn (a and b, unpublished reports). Table 7: ADCP logging parameters. ping parameters bottom track ping parameters no. of bins: 50 no. of bins: 128 bin length: 8 m bin length: 4 m pulse length: 8 m pulse length: 32 m delay: 4 m ping interval: minimum ping interval: same as profiling pings reference layer averageing: bins 3 to 6 (13/12/94-13/01/95 i.e. files 1-86) bins 3 to 10 (13/01/95-21/01/95 i.e. files 87-107) bins 3 to 13 (21/01/95-01/02/95 i.e. files 108-136) ensemble averageing duration: 3 min. 5 MAJOR PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED 5.1 Logistics The only significant logistic problem was shortage of time, due in part to delayed cargo operations at Casey. For part of the transects, as mentioned above, station spacing was increased to 45 nautical miles, to ensure completion of the oceanographic work in the available time. 5.2 CTD sensors Various problems occurred with the CTD sensors over the course of the cruise. For CTD 1103 (used for the first 18 stations), the conductivity output became increasingly noisy after station 10, resulting in random salinity noise with an amplitude up to ~0.01 psu. The CTD was finally changed to CTD 1193 following station 18. After the cruise, the noise problem in CTD 1103 was traced to loosely mounted cards inside the housing. Conductivity noise was minimal for CTD 1193, however the conductivity cell response showed a strong pressure dependence. In addition, the same conductivity cell displayed significant hysteresis between the down and upcasts. These problems are discussed in more detail in section 6. Following station 56, the conductivity cell on CTD 1193 was changed for a spare. The spare cell functioned well, except for a transient error when first entering the water - the cell appeared to need soaking near the surface for up to 2 minutes, before a stable conductivity reading was reached. Prior to station 95, moisture was discovered entering the CTD 1193 housing, causing corrosion of the fast temperature sensor connector. The fault was traced to pits in the o-ring seats of the metal mounting plate on which the conductivity and fast temperature sensors are mounted. As a temporary fix, the connectors were sprayed with a water displacing agent, and the space behind the sensors in the housing was filled with grease. No leakage occurred for the remaining stations, however one or more of these substances caused slight contamination of the conductivity cell, resulting in a small amount of signal noise over the next few stations. For both CTD 1103 and 1193, the oxygen sensor oil reservoir housing could not be screwed tightly onto the mounting connector threads. As a result, any impact, such as caused by the instrument breaking through the water surface on deployment, caused the housing to move sufficiently for the silicon oil to drain past the o-ring, and resulting in loss of data (see section 6). This occurred several times early in the cruise. Following station 28, 2 adjacent o-rings (instead of the usual 1) were installed in the oxygen oil reservoir housing, solving the oil drainage problem. Following station 76, a crack was discovered in the housing window for the photosynthetically active radiation sensor. The sensor was not used for the remainder of the cruise. The altimeter did not function for the first 4 stations, thus these CTD casts were only taken to within ~100 to 200 m of the bottom. Following station 4, the problem was traced to a burnt out chip in CTD 1103. The altimeter performed well for the remainder of the cruise, allowing close CTD approaches to the bottom (Table 2). 5.3 Other equipment The first few days of bathymetry data were lost due to problems with the 12 kHz echo sounder transducer. Good bathymetry data was obtained starting from 19/12/94 UTC. Routing of the aft CTD winch wire resulted in serious kinking of the wire on several occasions - the wire required retermination each time. Following station 33, operations were changed to the forward CTD winch wire, and no more serious problems occurred for the remainder of the cruise. One of the upward looking sonar moorings (Table 5) could not be located with the acoustic release surface transducer. No attempt was made to send the release command, owing to the significant sea ice coverage. At the time of writing, further recovery attempts indicated the mooring was no longer present at the deployment site. 6 RESULTS This section details information relevant to the creation and the quality of the final CTD and hydrology data set. For actual use of the data, the following is important: CTD data - Tables 14 and 15, and section 6.1.2; hydrology data - Tables 18 and 19. Historical data comparisons are made in section 7. Data file formats are described in Appendix 4 of Rosenberg et al. (1995b). 6.1 CTD measurements 6.1.1 Creation of CTD 2 dbar-averaged and upcast burst data Conductivity Four different conductivity cells were used during the cruise, as follows: conductivity cell 1, stations 1-18 (using CTD 1103); conductivity cell 2, stations 19-56 (using CTD 1193); conductivity cell 3, stations 57-106 (using CTD 1193); conductivity cell 4, station 107 (using CTD 2568). With the exception of cell 4, all the conductivity cells displayed large transient errors when entering the water. In addition, cell 3 displayed significant hysteresis between downcast and upcast conductivity data. As a result, for stations 1 to 106, upcast CTD data was used for all the 2 dbar-averaged pressure, temperature and conductivity data. Note that station 107 data were not used. The response of conductivity cells 1 and 2 showed a pressure dependence, much stronger in the case of cell 2. For both these cells (i.e. stations 1 to 56), the pressure dependent conductivity residual was removed by the following steps: (a) CTD conductivity was initially calibrated to derive conductivity residuals (c btl - ccal), where cbtl and c cal are as defined in the CTD methodology, noting that ccal is the conductivity value after the initial calibration only i.e. prior to any pressure dependent correction. (b) Next, for each station grouping (Table 11), a linear pressure dependent fit was found for the conductivity residuals i.e. for station grouping i, fit parameters ai (Table 11) and bi were found from (cbtl - ccal)n = ai pn + bi (eqn 1) where the residuals (c btl - c cal)n and corresponding pressures pn (i.e. pressures where Niskin bottles fired) are all the values accepted for conductivity calibration in the station grouping. (c) Lastly, the conductivity calibration was repeated, this time fitting (c ctd + ai p) to the bottle values c btl in order to remove the linear pressure dependence for each station grouping i (for uncalibrated conductivity cctd as defined in the CTD methodology; and note that the offsets bi were not applied). Dissolved oxygen For stations 19 to 106, downcast oxygen temperature and oxygen current data were merged with the upcast pressure, temperature and conductivity data (upcast dissolved oxygen data is in general not reliable). With this data set, calibration of the dissolved oxygen data then followed the usual methodology. No CTD oxygen data was obtained for stations 1 to 18, due to a hardware fault in CTD 1103. A small additional error in CTD dissolved oxygen data is expected to occur from the merging of downcast oxygen data with upcast pressure, temperature and conductivity data - where horizontal gradients occur, there will be some mismatch of downcast and upcast data as the ship drifts during a CTD cast. At most, this error is not expected to exceed ~3%. Summary stations 1-18: all CTD data from upcast; weak pressure dependent conductivity residual removed; no CTD dissolved oxygen data; stations 19-56: CTD data from upcast, except for dissolved oxygen data (downcast); strong pressure dependent conductivity residual removed. stations 57-106: CTD data from upcast, except for dissolved oxygen data (downcast). Further information relevant to the creation of the calibrated CTD data is tabulated, as follows: * Surface pressure offsets calculated for each station are listed in Table 10. * Missing 2 dbar data averages are listed in the files avmiss.out and avoxmiss.out (the latter for CTD dissolved oxygen). * CTD conductivity calibration coefficients, including the station groupings used for the conductivity calibration, are listed in Tables 11 and 12. * CTD raw data scans flagged for special treatment are listed in Table 13. * Suspect 2 dbar averages are listed in Tables 14 and 15. The file avinterp.out lists 2 dbar averages which are linear interpolations of the surrounding 2 dbar averages. * CTD dissolved oxygen calibration coefficients are listed in Table 16. The starting values used for the coefficients prior to iteration, and the coefficients varied during the iteration, are listed in Table 17. * Stations containing fluorescence and photosynthetically active radiation data are listed in Table 22. * The different protected and unprotected thermometers used for the stations are listed in Table 23. 6.1.2 CTD data quality The final calibration results for conductivity/salinity and dissolved oxygen, along with the performance check for temperature, are plotted in Figures 2 to 5. For temperature, salinity and dissolved oxygen, the respective residuals (Ttherm - Tcal), (s btl - scal) and (obtl - ocal) are plotted. For conductivity, the ratio cbtl /ccal is plotted. Note that for stations where a correction was made for the pressure dependent conductivity error, ccal here refers to the final calibrated value after the correction. Ttherm and Tcal are respectively the protected thermometer and calibrated upcast CTD burst temperature values; sbtl, scal, obtl, ocal, cbtl and ccal , and the mean and standard deviation values in Figures 2 to 5, are as defined in the CTD methodology. CTD data quality cautions for the various parameters are discussed below. Table 8 contains a summary of these cautions. Pressure The titanium strain gauge pressure sensors used in the Mark IIIC CTD's display a higher noise level than the older stainless steel strain gauge models, with a typical rms of ~± 0.2 dbar (Millard et al., 1993). Noise in the pressure signal for CTD 1193 (used for stations 19 to 106) was found to be higher than this, with spikes of up to 1 dbar amplitude occurring. In the creation of CTD raw data files monotonically increasing with pressure (see CTD methodology), pressure spikes with a width exceeding 3 data points are retained as real values. Thus as a result of the high noise levels for CTD 1193, a large number of 2 dbar bins were missing, as not enough data points were present in these bins to form a bin average. The number of missing bins was reduced by setting to 6 the minimum number of data points required in a 2 dbar bin to form an average (i.e. jmin=6; for previous cruises, jmin=10). Note that jmin=6 was used for the entire cruise. For remaining missing bins, values were linearly interpolated between surrounding bins, except where the local temperature gradient exceeded 0.005o C between the surrounding bins i.e. temperature gradient > 0.00125 degrees/dbar. For stations 48, 54 and 72, surface pressure offset values fell on small pressure spikes, thus the final surface pressure offsets were estimated from a manual inspection of the pressure data. A manual estimate was also required for station 55. The surface pressure offset values for stations 66 and 76 were estimated from the surrounding stations (Table 10). Any resulting additional error in the CTD pressure data is judged to be small (no more than 0.2 dbar). For stations 7, 11, 16, 28, 65 and 66, flooding of the dissolved oxygen sensor with seawater resulted in bad pressure temperature data (as discussed in Rosenberg et al., 1995b). To allow accurate calculation of pressure in dbar, the following pressure temperature data were used in pressure calculations for these stations: station with bad used pressure temperature pressure temperature data from this station for upcast 7 8 11 10 16 17 28 27 65 64 66 67 for pł 2000 dbar 66 66 for p<2000 dbar Note that the pressure temperature profiles chosen above provide the closest match to the assumed pressure temperature profiles for stations 7, 11, 16, 28, 65 and 66, and any errors are judged to be small (<0.3 dbar). Salinity The conductivity ratios for all bottle samples are plotted in Figure 3, while the salinity residuals are plotted in Figure 4. The final standard deviation values for the salinity residuals (Figure 4) indicate the CTD salinity data over the whole cruise is accurate to within ± 0.002 psu. No conductivity residual correction was made for stations 1 and 54: all bottles were fired at the same depth for these stations (test casts), so that any pressure dependent conductivity residual (section 6.1.1) could not be quantified. Note that as a result, the salinities for these stations can only be considered as accurate to ~0.01 psu. Bottle salinity data was lost for station 24, due to malfunction of the salinometer. The station was grouped with surrounding stations for conductivity calibration (Table 11). No conductivity residual correction (section 6.1.1) was made for stations 3 to 10 and 52 to 53, as no pressure dependent conductivity residual was found for these stations. Temperature The temperature residuals are shown in Figure 2, along with the mean offset and standard deviation of the residuals. The thermometer value used in each case is the mean of the two protected thermometer readings (protected thermometers used are listed in Table 23). Note that in the figures, the "dubious" and "rejected" categories refer to corresponding bottle samples and upcast CTD bursts in the conductivity calibration, rather than to CTD/thermometer temperature values. For CTD 1193 (stations 19 to 106), there was a problem with the laboratory calibration of the platinum temperature sensor. With the original pre-cruise calibration coefficients, an offset of 0.007o C was found between CTD and reversing thermometer temperature values. As a consequence, an additional offset value of -0.007 oC (Appendix 1) was applied to all CTD temperature values for stations 19 to 106. Table 8: Summary of cautions to CTD data quality. station no. CTD parameter caution 1 salinity test cast - all bottles fired at same depth; salinity accuracy reduced 5 all parameters data for this station bad, due to CTD power supply problem 7 pressure station 8 pressure temperature profile used for pressure calculation 11 pressure station 10 pressure temperature profile used for pressure calculation 16 pressure station 17 pressure temperature profile used for pressure calculation 24 salinity CTD conductivity calibrated with bottles from surrounding stations 28 pressure station 27 pressure temperature profile used for pressure calculation 47 salinity, oxygen most bottles tripped on the fly - may introduce small inaccuracy into the conductivity and dissolved oxygen calibrations 54 salinity test cast - all bottles fired at same depth; salinity accuracy reduced 65 pressure station 64 pressure temperature profile used for pressure calculation 66 pressure surface pressure offset estimated from surrounding stations 66 pressure station 67 pressure temperature profile used for pressure calculation for pł 2000 dbar 76 pressure surface pressure offset estimated from surrounding stations 107 all parameters data not used for this station (test cast only) 2-4,11-51,55-56 salinity additional correction applied for pressure dependent conductivity residual 19 to 106 temperature additional calibration offset value based on comparison with reversing thermometer data 1 to 107 fluorescence/p.a.r. fluorescence and p.a.r. sensors (where active) are uncalibrated 1 to 18 oxygen no CTD dissolved oxygen data due to faulty hardware 28,65,66 oxygen no CTD dissolved oxygen data due to oil drainage from sensor housing Dissolved Oxygen After the cruise, the CTD dissolved oxygen data for CTD 1103 (stations 1 to 18) was found to be unusable. The fault was traced to incorrect wiring in the factory-provided oxygen sensor mounting. The dissolved oxygen residuals are plotted in Figure 5. The final standard deviation values are within 1% of full scale values (where full scale is approximately equal to 250 m mol/l for pressure > 750 dbar, and 350 m mol/l for pressure < 750 dbar). In general, good calibrations of the CTD dissolved oxygen data were obtained using the in situ bottle data, however some atypical values were found for the calibration coefficients (Tables 16 and 17) (see the CTD methodology for full details of calibration formulae). For most stations, the best calibration was achieved using large values of the order 10.0 for the coefficient K1 (i.e. oxygen current slope), and large negative values of the order -1.5 for the coefficient K3 (i.e. oxygen current bias). This, however, is not considered relevant to actual data quality. In addition, the following unusual coefficient values were found (for typical values, see Millard and Yang, 1993, and Millard, 1991): stations 56 and 58: K5 > 1 (usually expect 0 750 dbar. In general, no organised sample replication was carried out, thus the replicate data set discussed here is small. Most replicate data were obtained opportunistically, from multiple fired Niskin bottles taken during bottle test casts, or from depths sampled in both casts of shallow/deep cast pairs. Two types of replicate data were obtained from the hydrology data set, as follows. Replicate samples drawn from the same Niskin bottle A series of repeat nutrient samples were drawn from 2 different Niskin bottles at station 32. At each of the Niskins, the absolute value of the differences about the mean value were formed (Figure 6a). Precision values for phosphate, nitrate+nitrite and silicate are respectively 0.16%, 0.22% and 0.35% of the full scale deflection (Table 9a). Table 9a: Precision data for replicates drawn from same Niskin bottle. parameter standard deviation % of full scale number of number of of differences deflection samples sample groups phosphate 0.0047 m mol/l 0.16 22 2 nitrate+nitrite 0.0765 m mol/l 0.22 24 2 silicate 0.4906 m mol/l 0.35 24 2 Replicate samples drawn from different Niskin bottles tripped at same depth At several stations, multiple Niskin bottles were fired at a single depth. For each set of Niskin bottles tripped at a single depth, a mean value mx was calculated for the sample set and the differences x-mx formed, where x is the phosphate, nitrate+nitrite, silicate, salinity or dissolved oxygen bottle value; the standard deviation of all x-mx values for the replicate data was calculated. Absolute values of the differences x-mx are shown in Figure 6b, and the results are summarised in Table 9b. It is assumed that these precision values would be further reduced if sample groups were drawn from the same Niskin bottle. Table 9b: Precision data for replicates drawn from Niskin bottles tripped at the same depth. parameter standard deviation % of full scale number of number of of x-mx or max. value samples sample groups phosphate 0.0061 m mol/l 0.20 59 24 nitrate+nitrite 0.1473 m mol/l 0.42 66 27 silicate 0.6266 m mol/l 0.45 67 27 salinity 0.0007 psu - 67 27 dissolved oxygen 0.1446 m mol/l 0.06 66 27 7 HISTORICAL DATA COMPARISONS In this section, a brief comparison is made between the au9404 cruise data, and data from the previous cruise au9407 (Rosenberg et al., 1995b). 7.1 Dissolved oxygen Vertical profiles of CTD dissolved oxygen concentrations for cruises au9404 and au9407 are compared in Figure 7. Note that dissolved oxygen concentrations of bottle samples for both cruises were measured using the WHOI automated method (see Appendix 3, Rosenberg et al., 1995b). Concentration values for the two cruises are in general consistent. 7.2 Salinity The meridional variation of the salinity maximum for the two cruises i.e. for Lower Circumpolar Deep Water (as defined by Gordon, 1967) is compared in Figure 8. For the comparison, CTD 2 dbar data were used i.e. CTD salinity, temperature and pressure values at the nearest 2 dbar bin to the salinity maximum for each station. Note that in the figure, property differences are only formed between station pairs (i.e. corresponding au9404 and au9407 stations) which are separated by less than 1.5 nautical miles of latitude. There appears to be a mean offset of ~0.003 psu between the two cruises (Figure 8), smaller than the large salinity offset of ~0.007 psu found between cruises au9309 and au9407 (Appendix 6 in Rosenberg et al., 1995b). Note that there is no consistent biasing of the temperature or pressure data (Figure 8), suggesting that the difference is due to salinity alone, the same result as found for the comparison between earlier cruises. In summary, the following approximate mean salinity differences are evident for the successive occupations of the SR3 transect: cruise comparison mean salinity difference au9309-au9101 < 0.002 psu au9309-au9407 0.007 psu au9404-au9407 0.003 psu As discussed in Rosenberg et al. 1995b, the most likely source of any systematic salinity error is the salinometers (YeoKal Mk IV) used for the analysis of salinity samples from the Niskin bottles. However, the exact cause of the error remains inconclusive. At the time of writing, two more recent occupations of SR3 stations await processing, while a further transect of SR3 is planned using more accurate salinometers (Guildline Autosals). These later data sets may clarify any instrument errors. 7.3 Nutrients Phosphate and nitrate+nitrite concentrations are in general consistent for the au9404 and au9407 data, revealed by comparison of the nitrate+nitrite to phosphate ratio (Figure 9). Note that for au9404, the depressed phosphate values at the approximate nitrate+nitrite level of 25 m mol/l are all near surface values, and are to be regarded as questionable data (see section 6.2.1 for more details). There is a small non-linearity in the nitrate+nitrite to phosphate ratio for both cruises, with low nutrient values lying below the best fit linear relationship (Figure 9). A similar trend is evident in data from cruise au9309 (Figure A6.4 in Rosenberg et al., 1995b), and data along the P11 transect from cruise au9391 (Figure A6.10 in Rosenberg et al., 1995a) (although there is more scatter in the au9391 data). For cruise au9404, these low values correspond with near surface samples north of the Subantarctic Front (Figure 10) i.e. north of ~50oS. Note that at both the Subantarctic and Subtropical Fronts (at ~50oS and ~45.5oS respectively from inspection of surface temperatures in Figure 10), there is a sharp horizontal gradient in surface nutrient values, with concentrations decreasing to the north across the fronts. A corresponding northward decrease in the nitrate+nitrite to phosphate ratio is also evident (Figure 10), accounting for the non-linearity in the ratio at low nutrient concentrations (Figure 9). This effect, also observed in the earlier cruises, appears to be a real feature. Figure 2: Temperature residual (Ttherm - Tcal) versus station number for cruise au9404. The solid line is the mean of all the residuals; the broken lines are ± the standard deviation of all the residuals (as defined in the CTD methodology). Note that the "dubious" and "rejected" categories refer to the conductivity calibration. Figure 3: Conductivity ratio cbtl /ccal versus station number for cruise au9404. The solid line follows the mean of the residuals for each station; the broken lines are ± the standard deviation of the residuals for each station (as defined in the CTD methodology). [Image] Figure 4: Salinity residual (sbtl - scal) versus station number for cruise au9404. The solid line is the mean of all the residuals; the broken lines are ± the standard deviation of all the residuals (as defined in the CTD methodology). Figure 5: Dissolved oxygen residual (obtl - ocal) versus station number for cruise au9404. The solid line follows the mean residual for each station; the broken lines are ± the standard deviation of the residuals for each station (as defined in the CTD methodology). (a) (b) Figure 6: Absolute value of parameter differences for replicate samples, for replicates drawn from (a) the same Niskin bottle, and (b) different Niskins tripped at the same depth. Note that differences are between parameter values and depth mean. Figure 7: CTD dissolved oxygen vertical profile data for comparison of au9404 and au9407 data. Figure 8: Variation with latitude south along the SR3 transect of properties at the deep salinity maximum (marking the Lower Circumpolar Deep Water): property differences are between cruise au9404 and cruise au9407 i.e. au9404 value minus au9407 value. Note that differences are formed only between stations from the two cruises which are separated by no more than 1.5 nautical miles of latitude. Figure 9: Bulk plot of nitrate+nitrite versus phosphate for all au9404 and au9407 data along the SR3 transect, together with linear best fit lines. Figure 10: Meridional variation along the SR3 transect of CTD temperature, phosphate concentration, and nitrate+nitrite to phosphate ratio, all at the near surface Niskin bottle. Table 10: Surface pressure offsets (as defined in the CTD methodology). ** indicates that value is estimated from surrounding stations, or else determined from manual inspection of pressure data. station surface p station surface p station surface p station surface p number offset (dbar) number offset (dbar) number offset (dbar) number offset (dbar) ----------------------------- ---------------------------- ----------------------------- ----------------------------- 1 TEST -1.15 28 S4 -1.19 55 SR3 -1.40** 82 SR3 -1.86 2 S4 -2.87 29 S4 -1.04 56 SR3 -1.25 83 SR3 -1.57 3 S4 -2.42 30 S4 -0.71 57 SR3 -1.51 84 SR3 -1.47 4 S4 -3.36 31 S4 -1.47 58 SR3 -1.57 85 SR3 -1.84 5 S4 -3.17 32 S4 -1.40 59 SR3 -1.49 86 SR3 -1.47 6 S4 -3.63 33 S4 -0.93 60 SR3 -1.41 87 SR3 -1.25 7 S4 -2.16 34 S4 -0.84 61 SR3 -0.87 88 SR3 -1.42 8 S4 -3.46 35 S4 -0.87 62 SR3 -1.50 89 SR3 -1.47 9 S4 -2.24 36 S4 -0.57 63 SR3 -1.48 90 SR3 -1.59 10 S4 -3.31 37 S4 -1.98 64 SR3 -1.28 91 SR3 -1.77 11 S4 -3.45 38 S4 -1.54 65 SR3 -1.83 92 SR3 -2.02 12 S4 -3.24 39 S4 -1.14 66 SR3 -1.32** 93 SR3 -1.77 13 S4 -3.55 40 S4 -0.94 67 SR3 -1.32 94 SR3 -1.29 14 S4 -3.75 41 S4 -1.06 68 SR3 -1.17 95 SR3 -1.28 15 S4 -3.24 42 S4 -0.84 69 SR3 -1.28 96 SR3 -1.74 16 S4 -3.86 43 S4 -1.13 70 SR3 -1.36 97 SR3 -1.86 17 S4 -3.73 44 S4 -1.03 71 SR3 -1.04 98 SR3 -1.94 18 S4 -2.96 45 S4 -1.61 72 SR3 -0.90** 99 SR3 -1.46 19 S4 -0.40 46 S4 -0.60 73 SR3 -0.87 100 SR3 -2.24 20 S4 -0.29 47 S4 -0.59 74 SR3 -1.07 101 SR3 -1.49 21 S4 -1.08 48 S4 -1.00** 75 SR3 -1.09 102 SR3 -1.77 22 S4 -0.63 49 S4 -1.08 76 SR3 -1.66** 103 SR3 -1.55 23 S4 -0.82 50 S4 -0.92 77 SR3 -1.66 104 SR3 -1.34 24 S4 -0.32 51 S4 -0.66 78 SR3 -1.32 105 SR3 -1.52 25 S4 -0.42 52 S4 -1.22 79 SR3 -1.67 106 SR3 -1.73 26 S4 -0.72 53 S4 -1.58 80 SR3 -2.37 27 S4 -0.93 54 TEST -1.10** 81 SR3 -1.94 Table 11: CTD conductivity calibration coefficients. F 1 , F2 and F3 are respectively conductivity bias, slope and station-dependent correction calibration terms. n is the number of samples retained for calibration in each station grouping; s is the standard deviation of the conductivity residual for the n samples in the station grouping (eqn A2.19 in the CTD methodology); a is the correction applied to CTD conductivities due to pressure dependence of the conductivity residuals (eqn 1). station F1 F2 F3 n s a grouping 001 to 002 S4 -0.55151931E-01 0.98768159E-03 -0.25816422E-06 43 0.001388 0 (stn 1) 0.7039725E-06 (stn 2) 003 to 004 S4 -0.55896676E-01 0.98729002E-03 -0.10392899E-07 35 0.001552 0.7039725E-06 005 to 006 S4 -1.3093410 0.10322266E-02 0 9 0.001772 0 007 to 008 S4 -0.54926719E-01 0.98668229E-03 0.31628388E-07 33 0.001976 0 009 to 010 S4 -0.84408096E-01 0.98892340E-03 -0.11378698E-06 43 0.001072 0 011 to 012 S4 -0.79525457E-01 0.98788105E-03 -0.17868175E-07 45 0.000863 1.4608959E-06 013 to 014 S4 -0.47581367E-01 0.98643852E-03 0.20690218E-07 43 0.001268 0.8503317E-06 015 to 018 S4 -0.90261955E-01 0.98726571E-03 0.52286883E-07 87 0.001082 1.1245280E-06 019 to 020 S4 0.35624898E-01 0.95488768E-03 0.12901507E-06 44 0.001376 -3.9074269E-06 021 to 022 S4 0.35077650E-01 0.95983939E-03 -0.11562160E-06 46 0.001699 -3.1360125E-06 023 to 027 S4 0.21164570E-02 0.95849180E-03 -0.70763325E-08 85 0.001277 -3.8628606E-06 028 to 029 S4 0.10941363E-01 0.95544232E-03 0.89732482E-07 46 0.001467 -4.1948918E-06 030 to 031 S4 0.88594631E-02 0.95649136E-03 0.50457051E-07 43 0.000846 -4.2553530E-06 032 to 033 S4 0.19440563E-01 0.96028342E-03 -0.84564608E-07 43 0.001096 -3.7799151E-06 034 to 035 S4 -0.60553073 0.98311882E-03 -0.18690584E-06 40 0.002047 -0.5076831E-06 036 to 038 S4 0.36708276E-01 0.95577090E-03 0.21875702E-07 66 0.001375 -3.1761190E-06 039 to 040 S4 0.82647512E-01 0.95203109E-03 0.77198775E-07 45 0.001361 -2.9058778E-06 041 to 043 S4 0.19447580E-01 0.95736474E-03 -0.79680507E-08 68 0.001541 -2.3631424E-06 044 to 046 S4 0.30237096E-01 0.95680538E-03 -0.27308193E-08 66 0.001468 -1.8128443E-06 047 to 048 S4 0.59998387E-01 0.96962316E-03 -0.28862853E-06 31 0.001060 -0.9916311E-06 049 to 051 S4 0.40529276E-01 0.95536507E-03 0.20374809E-07 67 0.001983 -1.0150511E-06 052 to 053 S4 0.72904220E-01 0.94224468E-03 0.25347666E-06 30 0.001039 0 054 to 056 SR3 -0.16437023E-01 0.94840277E-03 0.18430266E-06 40 0.001547 0 (stn 54) 1.1052417E-05(stn55) 2.9457907E-05(stn56) 057 to 058 SR3 0.83091393E-01 0.97579514E-03 -0.36657863E-06 19 0.001715 059 to 060 SR3 0.38970365E-01 0.95136388E-03 0.77236642E-07 41 0.001387 061 to 062 SR3 0.10962147E-01 0.96004529E-03 -0.52779303E-07 43 0.001912 063 to 065 SR3 0.53262814E-02 0.96057593E-03 -0.57406289E-07 62 0.001059 066 to 067 SR3 -0.67340513E-02 0.95711703E-03 0.32602246E-08 43 0.001515 068 to 071 SR3 0.26176288E-01 0.95501467E-03 0.16981713E-07 81 0.001365 072 to 074 SR3 -0.33286342E-01 0.96114393E-03 -0.39304776E-07 65 0.001755 075 to 076 SR3 -0.24514632E-01 0.95585560E-03 0.26753495E-07 45 0.002289 077 to 079 SR3 -0.38553928E-01 0.95780877E-03 0.79812009E-08 64 0.001975 080 to 081 SR3 -0.64523829E-02 0.95852101E-03 -0.14973816E-07 44 0.001366 082 to 083 SR3 -0.31874236E-01 0.96253569E-03 -0.53150506E-07 43 0.000775 084 to 085 SR3 -0.22073834E-01 0.95459300E-03 0.38284407E-07 43 0.001037 086 to 092 SR3 -0.68709889E-02 0.95688724E-03 0.42797804E-08 150 0.001549 093 to 095 SR3 0.13907181E-02 0.95680064E-03 0.14985374E-09 65 0.001092 096 to 097 SR3 0.37615123E-02 0.95744099E-03 -0.84529938E-08 40 0.000884 098 to 099 SR3 0.20749048E-01 0.98726272E-03 -0.32570719E-06 48 0.001562 100 to 101 SR3 0.65954377E-02 0.95472218E-03 0.59023049E-08 43 0.001298 102 to 104 SR3 0.57362283E-03 0.95957215E-03 -0.41938467E-07 57 0.000914 105 to 106 SR3 -0.91747190E-02 0.96498194E-03 -0.90946316E-07 28 0.001279 Table 12: Station-dependent-corrected conductivity slope term (F2 + F3 . N), for station number N, and F 2 and F 3 the conductivity slope and station-dependent correction calibration terms respectively. station (F2 + F3 . N) station (F2 + F3 . N) station (F2 + F3 . N) number number number ------------------------------------- -------------------------------------- ------------------------------------- 1 TEST 0.98742342E-03 37 S4 0.95658030E-03 73 SR3 0.95827468E-03 2 S4 0.98716526E-03 38 S4 0.95660218E-03 74 SR3 0.95823538E-03 3 S4 0.98725884E-03 39 S4 0.95504184E-03 75 SR3 0.95786211E-03 4 S4 0.98724844E-03 40 S4 0.95511904E-03 76 SR3 0.95788886E-03 5 S4 0.10322266E-02 41 S4 0.95703805E-03 77 SR3 0.95842332E-03 6 S4 0.10322266E-02 42 S4 0.95703008E-03 78 SR3 0.95843131E-03 7 S4 0.98690369E-03 43 S4 0.95702211E-03 79 SR3 0.95843929E-03 8 S4 0.98693532E-03 44 S4 0.95668522E-03 80 SR3 0.95732310E-03 9 S4 0.98789931E-03 45 S4 0.95668249E-03 81 SR3 0.95730813E-03 10 S4 0.98778553E-03 46 S4 0.95667976E-03 82 SR3 0.95817735E-03 11 S4 0.98768450E-03 47 S4 0.95605761E-03 83 SR3 0.95812420E-03 12 S4 0.98766663E-03 48 S4 0.95576899E-03 84 SR3 0.95780889E-03 13 S4 0.98670749E-03 49 S4 0.95636344E-03 85 SR3 0.95784717E-03 14 S4 0.98672818E-03 50 S4 0.95638381E-03 86 SR3 0.95725530E-03 15 S4 0.98805001E-03 51 S4 0.95640419E-03 87 SR3 0.95725958E-03 16 S4 0.98810230E-03 52 S4 0.95542546E-03 88 SR3 0.95726386E-03 17 S4 0.98815459E-03 53 S4 0.95567894E-03 89 SR3 0.95726814E-03 18 S4 0.98820687E-03 54 TEST 0.95835512E-03 90 SR3 0.95727242E-03 19 S4 0.95733896E-03 55 SR3 0.95853942E-03 91 SR3 0.95727670E-03 20 S4 0.95746798E-03 56 SR3 0.95872372E-03 92 SR3 0.95728098E-03 21 S4 0.95741133E-03 57 SR3 0.95490015E-03 93 SR3 0.95681457E-03 22 S4 0.95729571E-03 58 SR3 0.95453358E-03 94 SR3 0.95681472E-03 23 S4 0.95832904E-03 59 SR3 0.95592085E-03 95 SR3 0.95681487E-03 24 S4 0.95832197E-03 60 SR3 0.95599808E-03 96 SR3 0.95662950E-03 25 S4 0.95831489E-03 61 SR3 0.95682575E-03 97 SR3 0.95662105E-03 26 S4 0.95830781E-03 62 SR3 0.95677297E-03 98 SR3 0.95534341E-03 27 S4 0.95830074E-03 63 SR3 0.95695933E-03 99 SR3 0.95501771E-03 28 S4 0.95795483E-03 64 SR3 0.95690192E-03 100 SR3 0.95531241E-03 29 S4 0.95804456E-03 65 SR3 0.95684452E-03 101 SR3 0.95531831E-03 30 S4 0.95800507E-03 66 SR3 0.95733220E-03 102 SR3 0.95529443E-03 31 S4 0.95805553E-03 67 SR3 0.95733546E-03 103 SR3 0.95525249E-03 32 S4 0.95757736E-03 68 SR3 0.95616942E-03 104 SR3 0.95521055E-03 33 S4 0.95749279E-03 69 SR3 0.95618640E-03 105 SR3 0.95543257E-03 34 S4 0.97676403E-03 70 SR3 0.95620339E-03 106 SR3 0.95534163E-03 35 S4 0.97657712E-03 71 SR3 0.95622037E-03 36 S4 0.95655843E-03 72 SR3 0.95831399E-03 Table 13: CTD raw data scans, mostly in the vicinity of artificial density inversions, flagged for special treatment. Note that the pressure listed is approximate only; possible actions taken are either to ignore the raw data scans for all further calculations, or to apply a linear interpolation over the region of the bad data scans. Causes of bad data, listed in the last column, are detailed in the CTD methodology. For the raw scan number ranges, the lowest and highest scans numbers are not included in the ignore or interpolate actions. station approximate raw scan action reason number pressure (dbar) numbers taken 1 69 312710-312712 ignore fouling of cond. cell 2 103 267360-267656; 267704-268141 ignore wake effect 2 28; 24 274342-274439; 274610-274752 ignore wake effect 3 110 294797-294846 ignore wake effect 4 189 326120-326134 ignore fouling of cond. cell 4 101 331813-332033 ignore wake effect 17 102 269059-269211; 269417-269509 ignore wake effect 18 53 300375-300727 ignore wake effect 20 3704-3718 163056-163405 ignore fouling of cond. cell 32 600 287236-287282 ignore fouling of cond. cell 34 110-112 378784-378843 ignore fouling of cond. cell 35 28; 26 330110-330137; 330166-330192 ignore fouling of cond. cell 36 131-137 305201-305336 ignore fouling of cond. cell 41 56-77 262645-262993 ignore fouling of cond. cell 45 64-67 237753-237801 interpolate wake effect 47 11 76038-76197 interpolate wake effect 60 256-258 16896-170036 interpolate wake effect 60 320 166669-166671 ignore suspect pressure value 61 259 195087-195110 ignore wake effect 65 56-72 254997-255277 ignore fouling of cond. cell 71 213-216 285966-286010 ignore fouling of cond. cell 94 1012-1039 271068-271531 ignore fouling of cond. cell 95 828-834 257553-257678 ignore fouling of cond. cell 103 236 227094-227097 ignore fouling of cond. cell 105 150; 12 110099-110538; 121628-121631 ignore fouling of cond. cell Table 14: Suspect 2 dbar averages. Note: for suspect salinity values, the following are also suspect: sigma-T, specific volume anomaly, and geopotential anomaly. station suspect 2 dbar values (dbar) reason number bad questionable Suspect salinity values 1 60,62 58,64,116,118 salinity spike in steep local gradient 2 24 20,22 salinity spike in steep local gradient 3 34,36 98 salinity spike in steep local gradient 4 - 100,110 salinity spike in steep local gradient 10 - 404 salinity spike in steep local gradient 11 - 120,122,124 salinity spike in steep local gradient 15 38 36,40,42,52,54 salinity spike in steep local gradient 16 38 - salinity spike in steep local gradient 17 58 56,60 salinity spike in steep local gradient 18 54,96,108 52,56 salinity spike in steep local gradient 25 - 48 salinity spike in steep local gradient 29 - 46 salinity spike in steep local gradient 35 - 34 salinity spike in steep local gradient 55 - 802-812 possible fouling of conductivity cell 60 - 322 salinity spike in steep local gradient 67 - 54 salinity spike in steep local gradient 68 42 - salinity spike in steep local gradient 71 64 - salinity spike in steep local gradient 72 - 64 salinity spike in steep local gradient 73 - 52 salinity spike in steep local gradient 74 - 60 salinity spike in steep local gradient 76 - 72 salinity spike in steep local gradient 78 - 78 salinity spike in steep local gradient Suspect dissolved oxygen values 64 3230-3258 - 74 1358 - 74 3664 - 74 3760 - 91 462-474 - Table 15a: Suspect 2 dbar-averaged data from near the surface (applies to all parameters other than dissolved oxygen, except where noted). stn suspect 2dbar values(dbar) stn suspect 2dbar values(dbar) no. bad questionable comment no. bad questionable comment ----------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------- 13 - 2 temperature ok 71 - 2 temperature ok 14 - 2 temperature ok 72 - 2 temperature ok 16 - 2 temperature ok 73 - 2 temperature ok 18 - 2 temperature ok 74 - 2 temperature ok 63 - 2 temperature ok Table 15b: Suspect 2 dbar-averaged dissolved oxygen data from near the surface. stn suspect 2dbar values(dbar) stn suspect 2dbar values(dbar) stn suspect 2dbar values(dbar) no. bad questionable no. bad questionable no. bad questionable ------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------ 19 - 2-24 52 - 2 75 - 2-6 20 - 2-14 53 - 2 84 - 2-10 25 - 2-10 67 - 2-14 85 - 2-10 37 - 2-60 69 - 2-12 95 - 2-10 38 - 2-12 70 - 2-12 Table 16: CTD dissolved oxygen calibration coefficients. K1, K2, K3, K4, K5 and K 6 are respectively oxygen current slope, oxygen sensor time constant, oxygen current bias, temperature correction term, weighting factor, and pressure correction term. dox is equal to 2.8s (for s defined as in eqn A2.24 in the CTD methodology); n is the number of samples retained for calibration in each station or station grouping. station K1 K2 K3 K4 K5 K6 dox n number 19 10.84 6.0000 -1.520 -0.0997 0.5714 0.0001243 0.0836 22 20 11.15 7.0000 -1.498 -0.1347 0.6687 0.0001101 0.0977 22 21 9.50 8.0000 -1.283 -0.0774 0.2524 0.0001077 0.0922 23 22 9.79 6.5000 -1.318 -0.0857 0.5944 0.0001191 0.1631 24 23 9.85 8.0000 -1.327 -0.0834 0.5259 0.0001162 0.0993 24 24 11.31 6.0000 -1.509 -0.1429 0.5847 0.0001015 0.1042 22 25 10.08 5.0000 -1.428 -0.0586 0.1952 0.0001219 0.0943 23 26 10.25 6.0000 -1.331 -0.1175 0.5731 0.0001038 0.1114 22 27 10.82 5.0000 -1.484 -0.1072 0.3868 0.0001021 0.0833 20 28 - - - - - - - - 29 10.00 5.0000 -1.421 -0.0584 0.0549 0.0001235 0.0821 22 30 13.27 6.3000 -1.765 -0.1997 0.6450 0.0000960 0.0952 23 31 10.20 5.5000 -1.323 -0.1257 0.6496 0.0001120 0.1202 22 32 11.22 6.1000 -1.513 -0.1274 0.6352 0.0001118 0.1145 23 33 9.90 6.5000 -1.343 -0.0834 0.4733 0.0001193 0.1101 23 34 11.42 5.0000 -1.606 -0.1106 0.4598 0.0001185 0.1193 23 35 9.55 5.0000 -1.274 -0.0870 0.3656 0.0001115 0.0900 23 36 10.62 5.7000 -1.462 -0.0981 0.5355 0.0001164 0.1128 22 37 10.99 5.4000 -1.366 -0.1729 0.6951 0.0000956 0.1161 22 38 9.83 8.5000 -1.300 -0.0998 0.4719 0.0001090 0.1785 24 39 11.85 5.5000 -1.693 -0.0893 0.9384 0.0001481 0.1395 24 40 9.52 5.0000 -1.222 -0.1050 0.4554 0.0000956 0.1988 23 41 10.35 5.0000 -1.321 -0.1407 0.5947 0.0000991 0.1704 22 42 10.19 5.0000 -1.365 -0.1027 0.6043 0.0001209 0.1027 23 43 10.46 5.0000 -1.415 -0.0988 0.7758 0.0001334 0.1264 23 44 9.98 5.0000 -1.276 -0.1154 0.7166 0.0001112 0.1620 23 45 8.59 5.0000 -1.092 -0.0568 0.8185 0.0001261 0.1211 23 46 9.40 7.6000 -1.077 -0.1526 0.7112 0.0000860 0.0937 23 47 4.56 8.0000 -0.129 -0.1478 0.5075 0.0000238 0.1100 24 48 9.82 8.0000 -1.220 -0.1357 0.6939 0.0001045 0.1126 15 49 8.69 5.0000 -0.823 -0.2138 0.7031 0.0000645 0.1851 23 50 10.13 5.0000 -1.288 -0.1417 0.7160 0.0001096 0.1802 21 51 9.92 5.7000 -1.265 -0.1289 0.6950 0.0001095 0.1700 23 52 9.38 5.0000 -0.620 -0.3413 0.7189 0.0000302 0.1431 23 53 9.81 5.0000 -1.182 -0.1388 0.6609 0.0000698 0.1821 11 54 - - - - - - - - 55 6.97 5.0000 -0.663 -0.0339 0.7479 0.0002265 0.2867 23 56 10.77 5.0000 -0.784 -0.1082 1.7653 0.0002543 0.2701 11 57 7.77 5.0000 -0.893 -0.0376 0.9939 0.0002700 0.1365 9 58 18.99 5.0000 -1.887 -0.3220 1.0860 -0.0000862 0.2016 12 59 7.80 6.5000 -0.828 -0.1463 0.5008 0.0000699 0.2340 23 60 10.74 5.0000 -1.405 -0.1374 0.6837 0.0000890 0.2835 22 61 8.56 5.4000 -0.752 -0.2324 0.7231 0.0000545 0.2215 22 62 6.83 5.0000 -0.702 -0.1088 0.3474 0.0000582 0.2236 23 63 9.99 5.0000 -1.155 -0.1899 0.7218 0.0000761 0.2073 22 64 10.84 6.0000 -1.542 -0.0947 0.5279 0.0001167 0.1488 23 65 - - - - - - - - 66 - - - - - - - - 67 9.88 8.1000 -1.358 -0.0693 0.5847 0.0001246 0.0932 22 Table 16: (continued) 68 10.37 5.0000 -1.398 -0.0993 0.6389 0.0001149 0.2438 24 69 10.21 5.0000 -1.507 -0.0230 0.5929 0.0001541 0.0993 22 70 10.13 5.0000 -1.482 -0.0384 0.6813 0.0001547 0.1931 23 71 10.94 5.0000 -1.563 -0.0789 0.6839 0.0001389 0.1362 23 72 10.30 7.0000 -1.405 -0.0978 0.5148 0.0001129 0.1102 22 73 11.69 5.0000 -1.712 -0.0789 0.6026 0.0001338 0.2344 22 74 11.15 5.0000 -1.618 -0.0774 0.7047 0.0001443 0.1594 23 75 11.19 5.0000 -1.548 -0.1200 0.4974 0.0001064 0.1792 22 76 9.81 5.0000 -1.417 -0.0364 0.4576 0.0001436 0.1843 23 77 11.49 5.0000 -1.668 -0.0842 0.6645 0.0001397 0.1952 21 78 15.42 5.0000 -2.300 -0.1429 0.8493 0.0001510 0.2491 24 79 10.63 5.0000 -1.523 -0.0686 0.7043 0.0001431 0.2986 24 80 15.38 4.8000 -2.256 -0.1733 0.8770 0.0001353 0.3505 23 81 12.66 5.0000 -1.843 -0.1084 0.8944 0.0001435 0.1945 23 82 12.32 5.0000 -1.784 -0.1071 0.8816 0.0001374 0.2613 23 83 11.65 5.0000 -1.704 -0.0841 0.7762 0.0001453 0.1655 22 84 12.00 5.0000 -1.788 -0.0758 0.6134 0.0001404 0.2362 24 85 13.74 4.6000 -2.095 -0.0979 0.5523 0.0001431 0.3313 23 86 12.92 5.0000 -1.943 -0.1079 0.9207 0.0001597 0.1862 23 87 11.10 5.0000 -1.617 -0.0748 0.7939 0.0001402 0.2204 23 88 12.15 5.0000 -1.813 -0.0984 0.9811 0.0001700 0.1533 22 89 13.48 5.0000 -2.058 -0.1033 0.7539 0.0001634 0.2285 24 90 12.95 5.0000 -1.975 -0.0904 0.6741 0.0001597 0.1744 23 91 12.49 5.0000 -1.903 -0.0793 0.6989 0.0001619 0.1489 22 92 11.68 5.0000 -1.778 -0.0751 0.8059 0.0001793 0.1691 21 93 11.85 5.0000 -1.822 -0.0711 0.7029 0.0001812 0.1999 24 94 11.56 5.0000 -1.716 -0.0889 0.9086 0.0001596 0.2278 24 95 11.31 5.0000 -1.685 -0.0770 0.8041 0.0001618 0.1031 24 96 13.48 5.0000 -2.135 -0.0747 0.5469 0.0001834 0.2361 22 97 11.53 5.0000 -1.745 -0.0648 0.6549 0.0001629 0.2228 21 98 11.11 5.0000 -1.627 -0.0804 0.8678 0.0001512 0.1764 24 99 11.13 5.0000 -1.686 -0.0721 0.8706 0.0001874 0.1619 22 100 11.73 5.0000 -1.816 -0.0685 0.6922 0.0001936 0.2216 23 101 10.99 5.0000 -1.610 -0.0631 0.6581 0.0001085 0.2108 24 102 11.61 5.0000 -1.805 -0.0742 0.7840 0.0002055 0.2297 23 103 11.13 5.0000 -1.730 -0.0609 0.7031 0.0002107 0.2480 23 104 10.63 5.0000 -1.549 -0.0857 0.9403 0.0001587 0.1744 24 105 10.31 5.0000 -1.342 -0.0749 0.7824 -0.0000437 0.2751 22 106 7.45 9.8000 -0.946 -0.0346 0.8315 0.0000151 0.2323 15 Table 17: Starting values for CTD dissolved oxygen calibration coefficients prior to iteration, and coefficients varied during iteration (see CTD methodology). Note that coefficients not varied during iteration are held constant at the starting value. station K1 K2 K3 K4 K5 K6 coefficients number varied 19 11.9000 6.0000 -1.300 -0.360E-01 0.750 0.15000E-03 K1 K3 K4 K5 K6 20 11.5000 7.0000 -1.400 -0.360E-01 0.750 0.15000E-03 K1 K3 K4 K5 K6 21 10.1000 8.0000 -1.100 -0.360E-01 0.750 0.15000E-03 K1 K3 K4 K5 K6 22 10.5500 6.5000 -1.100 -0.360E-01 0.850 0.15000E-03 K1 K3 K4 K5 K6 23 10.7500 8.0000 -1.100 -0.360E-01 0.750 0.15000E-03 K1 K3 K4 K5 K6 24 11.5000 6.0000 -1.350 -0.660E-01 0.750 0.15000E-03 K1 K3 K4 K5 K6 25 11.3000 5.0000 -1.020 -0.360E-01 0.750 0.15000E-03 K1 K3 K4 K5 K6 26 10.5800 6.0000 -1.200 -0.500E-01 0.750 0.15000E-03 K1 K3 K4 K5 K6 27 11.2300 5.0000 -1.300 -0.550E-01 0.750 0.15000E-03 K1 K3 K4 K5 K6 28 - - - - - - - 29 11.1000 5.0000 -1.050 -0.380E-01 0.750 0.15000E-03 K1 K3 K4 K5 K6 30 13.1500 6.3000 -1.700 -0.400E-01 0.750 0.15000E-03 K1 K3 K4 K5 K6 31 10.4000 5.5000 -1.200 -0.360E-01 0.750 0.15000E-03 K1 K3 K4 K5 K6 32 11.5000 6.1000 -1.400 -0.400E-01 0.750 0.15000E-03 K1 K3 K4 K5 K6 33 10.6700 6.5000 -1.100 -0.360E-01 0.750 0.15000E-03 K1 K3 K4 K5 K6 34 12.1000 5.0000 -1.410 -0.500E-01 0.750 0.15000E-03 K1 K3 K4 K5 K6 35 10.0000 5.0000 -1.100 -0.400E-01 0.750 0.15000E-03 K1 K3 K4 K5 K6 36 11.0000 5.7000 -1.300 -0.370E-01 0.750 0.15000E-03 K1 K3 K4 K5 K6 37 10.9000 5.4000 -1.300 -0.500E-01 0.750 0.15000E-03 K1 K3 K4 K5 K6 38 10.0000 8.5000 -1.250 -0.360E-01 0.750 0.15000E-03 K1 K3 K4 K5 K6 39 12.9000 5.5000 -1.300 -0.360E-01 0.850 0.15000E-03 K1 K3 K4 K5 K6 40 9.4000 5.0000 -1.230 -0.360E-01 0.750 0.15000E-03 K1 K3 K4 K5 K6 41 10.5500 5.0000 -1.100 -0.700E-01 0.750 0.15000E-03 K1 K3 K4 K5 K6 42 11.0000 5.0000 -1.100 -0.400E-01 0.750 0.15000E-03 K1 K3 K4 K5 K6 43 11.0000 5.0000 -1.150 -0.360E-01 0.750 0.15000E-03 K1 K3 K4 K5 K6 44 10.3500 5.0000 -1.100 -0.360E-01 0.800 0.15000E-03 K1 K3 K4 K5 K6 45 8.5000 5.0000 -1.100 -0.360E-01 0.800 0.15000E-03 K1 K3 K4 K5 K6 46 9.9000 7.6000 -1.000 -0.360E-01 0.750 0.15000E-03 K1 K3 K4 K5 K6 47 4.8500 8.0000 -0.040 -0.360E-01 0.750 0.15000E-03 K1 K3 K4 K5 K6 48 10.4000 8.0000 -1.100 -0.360E-01 0.750 0.15000E-03 K1 K3 K4 K5 K6 49 8.8500 5.0000 -0.850 -0.360E-01 0.750 0.15000E-03 K1 K3 K4 K5 K6 50 10.3500 5.0000 -1.110 -0.360E-01 0.750 0.15000E-03 K1 K3 K4 K5 K6 51 10.5000 5.7000 -1.100 -0.370E-01 0.750 0.15000E-03 K1 K3 K4 K5 K6 52 10.8000 5.0000 -0.650 -0.600E-01 0.750 0.15000E-03 K1 K3 K4 K5 K6 53 9.6000 5.0000 -0.470 -0.700E-01 0.750 0.15000E-03 K1 K3 K4 K5 K6 54 - - - - - - - 55 7.1000 5.0000 -0.650 -0.360E-01 0.740 0.15000E-03 K1 K3 K4 K5 K6 56 10.2000 5.0000 -0.650 -0.360E-01 0.750 0.15000E-03 K1 K3 K4 K5 K6 57 7.8500 5.0000 -0.870 -0.360E-01 0.800 0.15000E-03 K1 K3 K4 K5 K6 58 7.6500 5.0000 -0.570 -0.360E-01 0.670 0.15000E-03 K1 K3 K4 K5 K6 59 8.4000 6.5000 -0.800 -0.360E-01 0.750 0.15000E-03 K1 K3 K4 K5 K6 60 10.8000 5.0000 -1.120 -0.360E-01 0.710 0.15000E-03 K1 K3 K4 K5 K6 61 9.0000 5.4000 -0.680 -1.000E-01 0.740 0.15000E-03 K1 K3 K4 K5 K6 62 7.1500 5.0000 -0.650 -0.600E-01 0.750 0.15000E-03 K1 K3 K4 K5 K6 63 10.4000 5.0000 -1.020 -0.500E-01 0.740 0.15000E-03 K1 K3 K4 K5 K6 64 11.4000 6.0000 -1.400 -0.360E-01 0.750 0.15000E-03 K1 K3 K4 K5 K6 65 - - - - - - - 66 - - - - - - - 67 11.4000 8.1000 -1.100 -0.360E-01 0.750 0.15000E-03 K1 K3 K4 K5 K6 68 10.7000 5.0000 -1.100 -0.400E-01 0.750 0.15000E-03 K1 K3 K4 K5 K6 69 10.1500 5.0000 -1.520 -0.300E-01 0.750 0.15000E-03 K1 K3 K4 K5 K6 Table 17: (continued) 70 10.4500 5.0000 -1.450 -0.350E-01 0.750 0.15000E-03 K1 K3 K4 K5 K6 71 12.5000 5.0000 -1.100 -0.400E-01 0.750 0.15000E-03 K1 K3 K4 K5 K6 72 10.7000 7.0000 -1.200 -0.360E-01 0.750 0.15000E-03 K1 K3 K4 K5 K6 73 12.9500 5.0000 -1.230 -0.360E-01 0.750 0.15000E-03 K1 K3 K4 K5 K6 74 12.6800 5.0000 -1.000 -0.360E-01 0.750 0.15000E-03 K1 K3 K4 K5 K6 75 11.3000 5.0000 -1.200 -0.600E-01 0.700 0.15000E-03 K1 K3 K4 K5 K6 76 10.1500 5.0000 -1.300 -0.360E-01 0.750 0.15000E-03 K1 K3 K4 K5 K6 77 12.4000 5.0000 -1.150 -0.360E-01 0.750 0.15000E-03 K1 K3 K4 K5 K6 78 14.0000 5.0000 -1.600 -0.400E-01 0.690 0.15000E-03 K1 K3 K4 K5 K6 79 10.4000 5.0000 -1.500 -0.500E-01 0.750 0.15000E-03 K1 K3 K4 K5 K6 80 13.5000 4.8000 -1.400 -0.500E-01 0.650 0.10000E-03 K1 K3 K4 K5 K6 81 12.5500 5.0000 -1.200 -0.360E-01 0.750 0.15000E-03 K1 K3 K4 K5 K6 82 12.0500 5.0000 -1.100 -0.360E-01 0.750 0.15000E-03 K1 K3 K4 K5 K6 83 12.5000 5.0000 -1.120 -0.360E-01 0.750 0.15000E-03 K1 K3 K4 K5 K6 84 12.7000 5.0000 -1.120 -0.360E-01 0.750 0.15000E-03 K1 K3 K4 K5 K6 85 12.5000 4.6000 -1.300 -0.360E-01 0.750 0.15000E-03 K1 K3 K4 K5 K6 86 13.3000 5.0000 -1.610 -0.360E-01 0.750 0.15000E-03 K1 K3 K4 K5 K6 87 11.8000 5.0000 -1.210 -0.360E-01 0.750 0.15000E-03 K1 K3 K4 K5 K6 88 13.0000 5.0000 -1.510 -0.360E-01 0.750 0.15000E-03 K1 K3 K4 K5 K6 89 13.5000 5.0000 -1.570 -0.360E-01 0.750 0.15000E-03 K1 K3 K4 K5 K6 90 13.3000 5.0000 -1.520 -0.360E-01 0.750 0.15000E-03 K1 K3 K4 K5 K6 91 13.9000 5.0000 -1.650 -0.360E-01 0.750 0.15000E-03 K1 K3 K4 K5 K6 92 13.2000 5.0000 -1.410 -0.360E-01 0.700 0.15000E-03 K1 K3 K4 K5 K6 93 14.1000 5.0000 -1.600 -0.360E-01 0.600 0.15000E-03 K1 K3 K4 K5 K6 94 12.7000 5.0000 -1.310 -0.450E-01 0.750 0.15000E-03 K1 K3 K4 K5 K6 95 12.3000 5.0000 -1.300 -0.360E-01 0.750 0.15000E-03 K1 K3 K4 K5 K6 96 15.4000 5.0000 -1.820 -0.400E-01 0.690 0.15000E-03 K1 K3 K4 K5 K6 97 13.4500 5.0000 -1.420 -0.360E-01 0.750 0.15000E-03 K1 K3 K4 K5 K6 98 12.0000 5.0000 -1.200 -0.400E-01 0.750 0.15000E-03 K1 K3 K4 K5 K6 99 12.9000 5.0000 -1.300 -0.360E-01 0.750 0.15000E-03 K1 K3 K4 K5 K6 100 14.4000 5.0000 -1.640 -0.360E-01 0.750 0.15000E-03 K1 K3 K4 K5 K6 101 12.5000 5.0000 -1.300 -0.360E-01 0.750 0.15000E-03 K1 K3 K4 K5 K6 102 12.9000 5.0000 -1.200 -0.360E-01 0.750 0.15000E-03 K1 K3 K4 K5 K6 103 14.3000 5.0000 -1.370 -0.360E-01 0.750 0.15000E-03 K1 K3 K4 K5 K6 104 11.8000 5.0000 -1.200 -0.360E-01 0.750 0.15000E-03 K1 K3 K4 K5 K6 105 11.3000 5.0000 -1.150 -0.370E-01 0.800 0.20000E-03 K1 K3 K4 K5 K6 106 7.2000 9.8000 -1.020 -0.200E-01 0.740 0.20000E-03 K1 K3 K4 K5 K6 Table 18: Questionable dissolved oxygen Niskin bottle sample values (not deleted from hydrology data file). stn no. rosette position stn no. rosette position ------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------ 1 2,24 44 1 12 1 48 1 15 14 64 13,14 16 14 77 2 17 14 80 9 32 1 101 5 Table 19: Questionable nutrient sample values (not deleted from hydrology data file). PHOSPHATE NITRATE SILICATE station rosette station rosette station rosette number position number position number position ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------ ----------------------------------------- 2 2 4 17 4 4 7 21,22,23 14 13 14 13 14 13 17 23 19 23 21 23 21 19 24 22 25 23 27 22 28 whole stn 30 23 32 23 34 23 35 24 36 24 37 24 37 2 40 24 42 11,12 45 1 to 13 50 24 51 23 52 whole stn 52 whole stn 55 22 56 22 60 whole stn 64 24 65 24 67 23 68 23,24 69 23 71 23 71 11 72 23 72 19 73 23,24 74 23,24 75 22,23,24 76 23,24 78 24 83 22 103 22 to 24 Table 20: Laboratory temperatures Tl at the times of nutrient analyses. Note that a mean value of 21.5oC was used for conversion to gravimetric units for WOCE format data (Appendix 2). stn Tl stn Tl stn Tl stn Tl stn Tl stn Tl no. (oC) no. (oC) no. (oC) no. (oC) no. (oC) no. (oC) ---------------- ----------------- ------------------ ------------------ ------------------ ------------------ 1 22 21 21.7 41 21 61 22 81 21.5 101 21.5 2 22 22 22 42 21 62 21 82 21.5 102 21.5 3 22 23 21.5 43 21.5 63 21.5 83 22 103 21 4 23 24 22 44 21 64 21 84 22 104 21.5 5 - 25 20.5 45 22 65 22 85 22 105 21.5 6 21 26 21 46 21 66 22 86 22 106 21.5 7 22 27 21 47 21 67 22 87 23 8 20.5 28 21 48 21 68 21.5 88 22.5 9 21 29 21 49 21 69 22 89 22.5 10 22.5 30 21 50 20.5 70 22 90 23.5 11 21.5 31 21.5 51 21.5 71 22 91 22.5 12 21.5 32 21 52 22 72 21.5 92 21.5 13 21.5 33 20.5 53 21 73 21.5 93 22 14 22 34 22 54 19.5 74 22 94 22 15 22 35 21 55 20 75 22 95 21 16 21.5 36 21 56 19.5 76 21.5 96 21.5 17 21 37 21.5 57 21 77 21.5 97 21.5 18 22.5 38 21.5 58 21 78 21.5 98 21.5 19 21 39 21 59 21 79 22 99 22 20 22 40 21 60 22 80 21.5 100 22 Table 21: Dissolved oxygen Niskin bottle samples flagged as -9 for dissolved oxygen calibration. Note that this does not necessarily indicate a bad bottle sample - in many cases, flagging is due to bad CTD dissolved oxygen data. station rosette station rosette station rosette number position number position number position -------------------------- ---------------------------- -------------------------- 19 22 46 22 77 19 20 22 48 1 82 20 21 22 49 23 83 19 24 21 50 1,22,23 85 19 26 21,22 52 23 88 18 27 21,22 55 22 90 18 29 12,22 60 22,24 91 18,22 30 22 61 20,24 92 13,23 31 12,23 62 24 96 10 32 23 63 21,24 97 11 34 23 64 22 99 14,18 35 22 67 24 100 14 36 21,23 69 21,24 102 22 37 23 70 24 105 7,8 40 3 71 21 106 17,18 41 22 72 20,23 42 21 73 20 43 24 74 20 44 1 75 20,23 Table 22: Stations containing fluorescence (fl) and photosynthetically active radiation (par) 2 dbar-averaged data. stations with fl data stations with par data -------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------- 2 to 4 5 to 12 5 to 12 13 to 76 Table 23: Protected and unprotected reversing thermometers used for cruise AU9404 (serial numbers are listed). protected thermometers station rosette position 24 rosette position 12 rosette position 2 numbers thermometers thermometers thermometers 2 - 12094,11973 (pos. 13) - 3 to 8 12095,12096 12119,12120 12094,11973 9 to 63 12095,12096 12119,12120 12094,11637 64 to 102 12095,12096 12119,12120 12094,11973 103 to 106 11637,11638 12094,11973 12119,12120 107 11638 (pos. 23); 11637 (pos. 20); 12095 (pos. 16); 12094 (pos. 12); 12096 (pos. 8); 12119 (pos. 5); 12120 (pos. 2) unprotected thermometers station rosette position 12 rosette position 2 numbers thermometers thermometers 2 11992 (pos. 13) - 3 to 35 11993 11992 36 to 107 11992 11993 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Thanks to all scientific personnel who participated in the cruise, and to the crew of the RSV Aurora Australis. The work was supported by the Department of Environment, Sport and Territories through the CSIRO Climate Change Research Program, the Antarctic Cooperative Research Centre, and the Australian Antarctic Division. REFERENCES Bush, G., 1994. Deployment of upward looking sonar buoys. Centre for Marine Science and Technology, Curtin University of Technology, Western Australia, Report No. C94-4 (unpublished). Dunn, J., 1995a. ADCP processing system. CSIRO Division of Oceanography (unpublished report). Dunn, J., 1995b. Processing of ADCP data at CSIRO Marine Laboratories. CSIRO Division of Oceanography (unpublished report). Gordon, A.L., 1967. Structure of Antarctic waters between 20oW and 170o W. Antarctic Map Folio Series, Folio 6, Bushnell, V. (ed.). American Geophysical Society, New York. Millard, R.C., 1991. CTD Oxygen Calibration Procedure - in WOCE Operations Manual, 1991. WHP Office Report WHPO 91-1, WOCE Report No. 68/91, Woods Hole, Mass., USA. Millard, R.C. and Yang, K., 1993. CTD calibration and processing methods used at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Technical Report No. 93-44. 96 pp. Millard, R., Bond, G. and Toole, J., 1993. Implementation of a titanium strain gauge pressure transducer for CTD applications. Deep-Sea Research I, Vol. 40, No. 5, pp1009-1021. Rintoul, S.R. and Bullister, J.L. (submitted). A late winter section between Tasmania and Antarctica: Circulation, transport and water mass formation. Rosenberg, M., Eriksen, R. and Rintoul, S., 1995a. Aurora Australis marine science cruise AU9309/AU9391 - oceanographic field measurements and analysis. Antarctic Cooperative Research Centre, Research Report No. 2, March 1995. 103 pp. Rosenberg, M., Eriksen, R., Bell, S., Bindoff, N. and Rintoul, S., 1995b. Aurora Australis marine science cruise AU9407 - oceanographic field measurements and analysis . Antarctic Cooperative Research Centre, Research Report No. 6, July 1995. 97 pp. Ryan, T., 1995. Data Quality Manual for the data logged instrumentation aboard the RSV Aurora Australis.. Australian Antarctic Division, unpublished manuscript, second edition, April 1995. APPENDIX 1 CTD Instrument Calibrations Table A1.1: Calibration coefficients and calibration dates for CTD serial numbers 1103 and 1193 (unit nos 7 and 5 respectively) used during RSV Aurora Australis cruise AU9404. Note that an additional pressure bias term due to the station dependent surface pressure offset exists for each station (eqn A2.1 in the CTD methodology). Also note that platinum temperature calibrations are for the ITS-90 scale. CTD serial 1103 (unit no. 7) CTD serial 1193 (unit no. 5) coefficient value of coefficient coefficient value of coefficient pressure calibration coefficients pressure calibration coefficients CSIRO Calibration Facility - 13/09/1994 CSIRO Calibration Facility - 13/09/1994 pcal0 -2.043035e+01 pcal0 -9.273027 pcal1 1.002658e-01 pcal1 1.008386e-01 pcal2 6.393209e-9 pcal2 0.0 pcal3 0.0 pcal3 0.0 platinum temperature calibration coefficients platinum temperature calibration coefficients CSIRO Calibration Facility - 23/09/1994 CSIRO Calibration Facility - 23/09/1994 (with additional offset term from cruise thermometer data) Tcal0 0.70500e-02 Tcal0 -0.62088e-02 - 0.007 Tcal1 0.50000e-03 Tcal1 0.49880e-03 Tcal2 0.35049e-11 Tcal2 0.27541e-11 pressure temperature calibration coefficients pressure temperature calibration coefficients General Oceanics - July 1993 General Oceanics - July 1993 Tpcal0 1.062859e+02 Tpcal0 2.238391e+02 Tpcal1 -2.117688e-03 Tpcal1 -1.155218e-02 Tpcal2 2.597323e-09 Tpcal2 2.418139e-07 Tpcal3 0.000000 Tpcal3 -2.007116e-12 coefficients for temperature correction to coefficients for temperature correction to pressure pressure General Oceanics - July 1993 General Oceanics - July 1993 T0 21.50 T0 22.00 S1 -5.9127e-07 S1 -2.3599e-06 S2 -3.2430e-01 S2 -1.6700e-01 preliminary polynomial coefficients applied to fluorescence (fl) and photosynthetically active radiation (par) raw digitiser counts (supplied by manufacturer) f0 -2.699918e+01 f1 8.239746e-04 f2 -2.071294e-22 par0 -4.499860 par1 1.373290e-04 par2 -3.452156e-23 APPENDIX 2: WOCE Data Format Addendum A2.1 INTRODUCTION This Appendix is relevant only to data submitted to the WHP Office. For WOCE format data, file format descriptions as detailed earlier in this report should be ignored. Data files submitted to the WHP Office are in the standard WOCE format as specified in Joyce et al. (1991). A2.2 CTD 2 DBAR-AVERAGED DATA FILES * CTD 2 dbar-averaged file format is as per Table 3.12 of Joyce et al. (1991), except that measurements are centered on even pressure bins (with first value at 2 dbar). * CTD temperature and salinity are reported to the third decimal place only. * Files are named as in the CTD methodology, except that for WOCE format data the suffix ".all" is replaced with ".ctd". * The quality flags for CTD data are defined in Table A2.1. Data quality information is detailed in earlier sections of this report. A2.3 HYDROLOGY DATA FILES * Hydrology data file format is as per Table 3.7 of Joyce et al. (1991), with quality flags defined in Tables A2.2 and A2.3. * Files are named as in the CTD methodology, except that for WOCE format data the suffix ".bot" is replaced by ".sea". * The total value of nitrate+nitrite only is listed. * Silicate and nitrate+nitrite are reported to the first decimal place only. * CTD temperature (including theta), CTD salinity and bottle salinity are all reported to the third decimal place only. * CTD temperature (including theta), CTD pressure and CTD salinity are all derived from upcast CTD burst data; CTD dissolved oxygen is derived from downcast 2 dbar-averaged data. * Raw CTD pressure values are not reported. * SAMPNO is equal to the rosette position of the Niskin bottle. A2.4 CONVERSION OF UNITS FOR DISSOLVED OXYGEN AND NUTRIENTS A2.4.1 Dissolved oxygen Niskin bottle data For the WOCE format files, all Niskin bottle dissolved oxygen concentration values have been converted from volumetric units m mol/l to gravimetric units m mol/kg, as follows. Concentration C k in m mol/kg is given by Ck = 1000 Cl / r (q ,s,0) (eqn A2.1) where Cl is the concentration in m mol/l, 1000 is a conversion factor, and r ( q ,s,0) is the potential density at zero pressure and at the potential temperature q , where potential temperature is given by q = q (T,s,p) (eqn A2.2) for the in situ temperature T, salinity s and pressure p values at which the Niskin bottle was fired. Note that T, s and p are upcast CTD burst data averages. CTD data In the WOCE format files, CTD dissolved oxygen data are converted to m mol/kg by the same method as above, except that T, s and p in eqns A2.1 and A2.2 are CTD 2 dbar-averaged data. A2.4.2 Nutrients For the WOCE format files, all Niskin bottle nutrient concentration values have been converted from volumetric units m mol/l to gravimetric units m mol/kg using Ck = 1000 Cl / r (Tl,s,0) (eqn A2.3) where 1000 is a conversion factor, and r (Tl,s,0) is the water density in the hydrology laboratory at the laboratory temperature Tl and at zero pressure. Note that Tl =21.5oC was used for all stations. Upcast CTD burst data averages are used for s. Table A2.1: Definition of quality flags for CTD data (after Table 3.11 in Joyce et al., 1991). These flags apply both to CTD data in the 2 dbar-averaged *.ctd files, and to upcast CTD burst data in the *.sea files. flag definition 1 not calibrated with water samples 2 acceptable measurement 3 questionable measurement 4 bad measurement 5 measurement not reported 6 interpolated value 7,8 these flags are not used 9 parameter not sampled Table A2.2: Definition of quality flags for Niskin bottles (i.e. parameter BTLNBR in *.sea files) (after Table 3.8 in Joyce et al., 1991). flag definition 1 this flag is not used 2 no problems noted 3 bottle leaking, as noted when rosette package returned on deck 4 bottle did not trip correctly 5 bottle leaking, as noted from data analysis 6 bottle not fired at correct depth, due to misfiring of rosette pylon 7,8 these flags are not used 9 samples not drawn from this bottle Table A2.3: Definition of quality flags for water samples in *.sea files (after Table 3.9 in Joyce et al., 1991). flag definition 1 this flag is not used 2 acceptable measurement 3 questionable measurement 4 bad measurement 5 measurement not reported 7 manual autoanalyser peak measurement 6,8 these flags are not used 9 parameter not sampled A2.5 STATION INFORMATION FILES * File format is as per section 2.2.2 of Joyce et al. (1991), and files are named as in the CTD methodology, except that for WOCE format data the suffix ".sta" is replaced by ".sum". * All depths are calculated using a uniform speed of sound through the water column of 1498 ms-1. Reported depths are as measured from the water surface. Missing depths are due to interference of the ship's bow thrusters with the echo sounder signal. * An altimeter attached to the base of the rosette frame (approximately at the same vertical position as the CTD sensors) measures the elevation (or height above the bottom) in metres. The elevation value at each station is recorded manually from the CTD data stream display at the bottom of each CTD downcast. Motion of the ship due to waves can cause an error in these manually recorded values of up to ± 3 m. * Lineout (i.e. meter wheel readings of the CTD winch) were unavailable. REFERENCES Joyce, T., Corry, C. and Stalcup, M., 1991. Requirements for WOCE Hydrographic Programme Data Reporting. WHP Office Report WHPO 90-1, Revision 1, WOCE Report No. 67/91, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. 71 pp.