#TEMPORARY ACCESSION NUMBER: #ACCESSION NUMBER: #CONTRIBUTOR: Lawrence F. Small College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences Oregon State University Corvallis, OR 97331-5503 USA email: smalll@ccmail.orst.edu #CONTRIBUTOR INSTITUTION: College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences Oregon State University Corvallis, OR 97331-5503 USA email: smalll@ccmail.orst.edu #ORIGINATOR: same #ORIGINATOR INSTITUTION: same #TITLE: Involves scientists from six distinct disciplines-geophysics, sedimentology, geochemistry, microbiology, primary production biology, and zooplankton and food web ecology-to characterize estuarine turbidity maximum process in the Lower Columbia River estuary. Our research site is in the Columbia River estuary, at the coastal border of Washington and Oregon states (USA), but both our measurements and our interest stretch upriver into the watershed. #PROJECT: The Columbia River Estuarine Turbidity Maximum (CRETM) research program #ABSTRACT: Although the Columbia River is distinct among the LMER sites around the country, it represents a distinct class of systems (river estuaries typified by estuarine turbidity maxima) of great importance throughout the world (ETMs around the world). The Columbia River and its estuary exemplify some of the many ways that man has modified the structure of land-margin ecosystems and the fundamental processes that sustain them. Despite the large size of the Columbia River and its watershed, upriver impoundments behind dams, land and water use, and diking, filling and dredging in the lower river and estuary have substantially altered the river system (see Nch'i-Wana). This manipulation of the river has changed patterns and magnitude of flow, greatly reduced the load of sediments carried to the estuary by the river, changed the river's chemistry, and altered the various ETM processes that transform organic matter into the estuary's food web. While the estuary and lower river are certainly not free of pollution effects (especially pesticide residues in higher trophic level organisms), it is still relatively free of any indications of eutrophication and hypoxia that have plagued other large estuaries. #PURPOSE: Our fundamental research goal is to understand how circulation phenomena in the estuary, called estuarine turbidity maxima (ETM), trap particles and promote biogeochemical, microbial and ecological processes that sustain a dominant pathway in the estuary's food web. To study this relationship between the physics of ETM and these various processes requires a resolutely interdisciplinary approach, and a complex, highly-orchestrated suite of field and laboratory measurements and experiments. The CRETM-LMER team involves scientists from six distinct disciplines-geophysics, sedimentology, geochemistry, microbiology, primary production biology, and zooplankton and food web ecology-to characterize ETM process. But, we depend upon hydrodynamic and ecosystem process modelers to help us synthesize our understanding about how the ETM and associated estuarine processes act as a "living" system that is fundamental to the way the estuary behaves. #LOCATION EXTREMES: SOUTHERNMOST LATITUDE: 45 30' HEMISPHERE: N NORTHERNMOST LATITUDE: 46 30' HEMISPHERE: N WESTERNMOST LONGITUDE: 124 00' HEMISPHERE: W EASTERNMOST LONGITUDE: 122 00' HEMISPHERE: W #LOCATION KEYWORDS: Pacific Ocean, Columbia River, Lower Columbia River 57E, 57J #SAMPLING STATIONS: Sampling stations are too numerous to list on this form, for station information, refer to the CRETM/LMER web site under station and related metadata. (http://depts.washington.edu/cretmweb/datamenu.html) A little basic information is provided immediately below. Because ETM move with the tides and vary in location with the river flow and the estuary's bathymetry, we sample at a number of stations within the range of ETM, as well as above and below it. Many of our sampling locations within the ETM zone are near Astoria, OR, or about 23 km (14 miles) from the river mouth. Another station is 85 km (53 miles) above the mouth of the estuary (Beaver Terminal), well beyond the intrusion of seawater, where we assess the composition and amount of particulate matter that the river is delivering to the estuary. We have also conducted sampling even further upriver (above the lowest two dams) to sample variability in inputs from different tributaries and sub-basins of the watershed. #BEGIN AND END DATES: BEGIN DATE:1996/07/09 END DATE:1998/03/06 #SAMPLING PERIODS: 1) 1996/07/09 to 1996/08/01 2) 1997/05/03 to 1997/05/15 3) 1997/07/07 to 1997/07/19 4) 1997/10/06 to 1997/10/19 5) 1998/02/21 to 1998/03/06 #PARAMETERS: Code cast-specific code number (see below) Date date in MM/DD/YY format Time Time of day (Pacific Standard Time) Depth depth in meters Salinity salinity Fluor chlorophyll a (mg/m^3) determined by fluorometer (1992 only) AC3chla chlorophyll a (mg/m^3) determined by AC-3 (see below) Chla chlorophyll -a (ug / L), measured Phaeo phaeopigment (ug / L), measured 14CProd primary production (ug C / m^2 / h) DCMU DCMU index POC particulate organic carbon (mg / L) PN particulate nitrogen (mg / L) #METHODOLOGY: Pump casts were conducted immediately following a CTD cast and are, thus, cross-referenced by CTD data parameters. Water was sampled from surface and near-bottom depths and assayed for chlorophyll-a and phaeophytin-a by standard fluorometric techniques. Primary production was estimated by standard 14C methods. During these incubations, fluorescence was measured before and after treatemnt with DCMU to estimate photosynthetic potential of the cells. Particulate organic carbon and nitrogen were measured from filtered surface and bottom water samples, total suspended particulate matter was determined gravimetrically. See Small and Morgan (1994) for details and further references on methods. #INSTRUMENT TYPES: Measurements were conducted from an anchored vessel. A Seabird (1990-1992) SBE 9/11 or Ocean Sensors (1995-1996) model OS-200 CTD equipped with a CT cell, OBS sensor, and a WetLabs AC-3 chlorophyll absorption-attenuation sensor were deployed for vertical profiles approximately every 30 minutes. More frequent casts were conducted during "high intensity" sampling (e.g E or F series, see below). Data were averaged into 0.2 m bins and referenced from the surface (i.e. not de-tided). #REFERENCES: Annotated Bibliography of CRETM-LMER Publications 1992 Cordell, J. R., C. A. Simenstad, and C. A. Morgan. 1992. Occurrence of the Asian calanoid copepod Pseudodiaptomus inopinus in the Columbia River estuary. J. Crustacean Biol. 12:260-269. Abstract Cordell, J. R., C. A. Simenstad, and C. A. Morgan. 1992. The Asian calanoid copepod Pseudodiaptomus inopinus in Pacific Northwest rivers--biology of an invasive zooplankter. N.W. Environ. J. 8:164-165. LMER Coordinating Committee (Boynton, W., J. T. Hollibaugh, D. Jay, M. Kemp, J. Kremer, C. Simenstad, S. V. Smith, and I. Valiela). 1992. Understanding changes in coastal environments: the Land Margin Ecosystems Research Program. EOS 73: 481-485. Morgan, S. R. 1992. Seasonal and tidal influence of the estuarine turbidity maximum on primary biomass and production in the Columbia River estuary. M.S. thesis, Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, OR. 87pp. Abstract Prahl F. G., Hayes J. M. and Xie T. -M. 1992. Diploptene, an indicator of soil organic matter in Washington coastal sediments. Limnol. Oceanogr. 37: 1290-1300. Abstract Simenstad, C. A., D. A. Jay and C. R. Sherwood. 1992. Impacts of watershed management on land-margin ecosystems: The Columbia River estuary as a case study. Pp. 266-306 In R. J. Naiman (ed.), New Perspective in Watershed Management, Springer-Verlag, New York. 543 pp. Abstract 1993 Morgan, C. A. 1993. Sink or swim? Copepod population maintenance in the Columbia River estuarine turbidity maxima region. M.S. thesis, Univ. Washington, Seattle, WA. 85 pp. Abstract 1994 Baross, J. A., B. Crump, and C. A. Simenstad. 1994. Elevated 'microbial loop' activities in the Columbia River estuary turbidity maximum. Pp. 459-464 In K. Dyer and R. Orth (ed.), Changing Particle Fluxes in Estuaries: Implications from Science to Management, ECSAERF22 Symposium, Olsen & Olsen Press, Friedensborg. Abstract Jay, D. A. 1994. Residence time, box models and shear fluxes in tidal channel flows. Pp. 3-12 In K. Dyer and R. Orth (ed.), Changing Particle Fluxes in Estuaries: Implications from Science to Management, ECSAERF22 Symposium, Olsen & Olsen Press, Friedensborg. Abstract Jay, D. A. and J. D. Musiak. 1994. Particle trapping in estuarine turbidity maxima. J. Geophys. Res. 99: 20,446-461. Abstract Keil R.G., E. Tsamakis, C. B. Fuh, J. C. Giddings and J. I. Hedges J.I. 1994. Mineralogical and textural controls on the organic composition of coastal marine sediments: hydrodynamic separations using SPLITT-fractionation. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 58: 879-893. Abstract Prahl F. G. and Coble P. G. 1994. Input and behavior of dissolved organic carbon in the Columbia River Estuary. Pp. 451-457 In K. Dyer and R. Orth (ed.), Changing Particle Fluxes in Estuaries: Implications from Science to Management, ECSAERF22 Symposium, Olsen & Olsen Press, Friedensborg. Abstract Prahl, F. G., J. R. Ertel, M. A. Goni, M. A. Sparrow and B. Eversmeyer. 1994. Terrestrial organic carbon contributions to sediments on the Washington margin. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 58: 3035-3048. Abstract Reed, D. J. and J. Donovan. 1994. The character and composition of the Columbia River estuarine turbidity maximum. Pp. 445-450 In K. Dyer and R. Orth (ed.), Changing Particle Fluxes in Estuaries: Implications from Science to Management, ECSAERF22 Symposium, Olsen & Olsen Press, Friedensborg. Abstract Simenstad, C. A., D. J. Reed, D. A. Jay, J. A. Baross, F. G. Prahl and L. F. Small. 1994a. Land-margin ecosystem research in the Columbia River estuary: investigations of the couplings between physical and ecological processes within estuarine turbidity maxima. Pp. 437-444 In K. Dyer and R. Orth (ed.), Changing Particle Fluxes in Estuaries: Implications from Science to Management, ECSAERF22 Symposium, Olsen & Olsen Press, Friedensborg. Abstract Simenstad, C. A., C. A. Morgan, J. R. Cordell, and J. A. Baross. 1994b. Flux, passive retention, and active residence of zooplankton in Columbia River estuarine turbidity maxima. Pp. 473-482 In K. Dyer and R. Orth (ed.), Changing Particle Fluxes in Estuaries: Implications from Science to Management, ECSAERF22 Symposium, Olsen & Olsen Press, Friedensborg. Abstract Small, L. F., and S. R. Morgan. 1994. Phytoplankton attributes in the turbidity maximum of the Columbia River Estuary, USA. Pp. 465-472 In K. Dyer and R. Orth (ed.), Changing Particle Fluxes in Estuaries: Implications from Science to Management, ECSAERF22 Symposium, Olsen & Olsen Press, Friedensborg. Abstract 1995 Jay, D. A., and E. P. Flinchem. 1995. Wavelet transform analyses of non-stationary tidal currents. Pp. 101-106 In S. Anderson, J. R. Appel, and A. E. Willimas (eds.), Proc. IEEE Fifth Working Conf. Current Measurement. Jay, D. A. and J. D. Musiak. 1995. Internal Tidal Asymmetry in Channel Flows: Origins and Consequences. Pp. 219-258 In C. Pattiaratchi (ed.), Mixing Processes in Estuaries and Coastal Seas, Amer. Geophy. Union, Coastal Estuar. Sci. Monogr. Abstract 1996 Cordell, J. R., and S. M. Morrison. 1996. The invasive Asian copepod Pseudodiaptomus inopinus in Oregon, Washington, and British Columbia estuaries. Estuaries 19: 629-638. Abstract Crump, B., and J. A. Baross. 1996. Particle-attached bacteria and heterotrophic plankton associated with the Columbia River estuarine turbidity maxima. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 138: 265-273. Abstract Cudaback, C. N. and D. A. Jay. 1996. Formation of the Columbia River plume: hydraulic control in action? In D. G. Aubrey (ed.), Buoyany Effects on Coastal Dynamics, AGU Coastal Est. Sci. Monogr. 53: 139-154.Abstract Fortunato, A. B., and A. M. Baptista. 1996. Vertical discretization in tidal flow simulations. Internat. J. Numerical Methods Fluids 22:815-834. Abstract Fortunato, A. B., and A. M. Baptista. 1996. Evaluation of horizontal gradients in sigma-coordinate shallow water model. Atmosphere-Ocean 34: 489-514. Abstract Jay, D. A. and C. A. Simenstad. 1996. Downstream Effects of Water Withdrawal in a Small, High-Gradient Basin: Erosion and Deposition on the Skokomish River Delta. Estuaries 19: 501-517. Abstract Kay, D. J., D. A. Jay and J. D. Musiak, 1996. Salt transport through an estuarine cross-section calculated from moving vessel ADCP and CTD data. In D. G. Aubrey (ed.), Buoyancy Effects on Coastal and Estuarine Dynamics, AGU Coastal and Estuarine Studies 53:195-212. Abstract 1997 Jay, D. A., and E. P. Flinchem. 1997. Interaction of fluctuating river flow with a barotrophic tide: a demonstration of wavelet tidal analysis methods. J. Geophys. Res. 102:5705-5720. Abstract Jay, D. A., R. J. Uncles, J. Largier, W. R. Geyer, J. Vallino, W. R. Boynton, 1997. Recent developments in estuarine scalar flux estimation. Estuaries 20: 262-280. Abstract Morgan, C. A., J. R. Cordell, and C. A. Simenstad. 1997. Sink or swim? Copepod population maintenance in the Columbia River estuarine turbidity maxima region. Mar. Biol. 129:309-317. Abstract Oliveira, A., and A. M. Baptista. 1997. Diagnostic modeling of residence times in estuaries. Wat. Resources Res. 33:1935-1946. Abstract Prahl, F. G., L. F. Small, and B. Eversmeyer. 1997. Biogeochemical characterization of suspended particulate matter in the Columbia River estuary. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 160:173-184. Abstract Simenstad, C. A., M. Dethier, C. Levings, and D. Hay. 1997. The Land- Margin Interface of Coastal Temperate Rain Forest Ecosytems: Shaping the Nature of Coastal Interactions. Pp. 149-187 (Chap. 7) in P. Schoonmaker, B. von Hagen, and E. Wolf (eds.) The Rain Forests of Home: Profile of a North American Bioregion. Ecotrust/Interain Pacific and Island Press. 480 pp. Sullivan, B. E., 1997. Annual cycles of organic matter and phytoplankton attributes in the Columbia and Willamette Rivers, with reference to the Columbia River estuary. M.S. thesis, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR. 114 pp. 1998 Crump, B. C., J. A. Baross and C. A. Simenstad. 1997. Dominance of particle-attached bacteria in the Columbia River estuary. Aquat. Microb. Ecol. 14:7-18. Abstract Cudaback, C. N., 1998. The effect of vertical mixing on along-channel transport in a layered flow. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA Abstract Prahl, F. G., L. F. Small, B. A. Sullivan, J. Cordell, C. A. Simenstad, B. C. Crump and J. A. Baross. 1998. Biogeochemical gradients in the lower Columbia River. Hydrobiologia 361:37-52. Abstract 1999 Crump, B.C. E.V. Armbrust, and J.A. Baross. 1999. Phylogenetic analysis of particle-attached and free-living bacterial communities in the Columbia River, estuary, and adjacent coastal ocean. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 65(7): 3192-3204. Abstract Jay, D.A., P. Orton, D.J. Kay, A. Fain and A.M. Baptista. 1999. Acoustic determination of sediment concentrations, settling velocities, horizontal transports and vertical fluxes in estuaries. Proceedings of the IEEE Sixth Working Conference on Current Measurement, S. P. Anderson, E. A. Terray, J. A. Rizzoli White, and A. J. Williams, III, eds. 258-263. Abstract Jay, D.A. and E.P. Flinchem. 1999. A comparison of methods for analysis of tidal records containing multi-scale non-tidal background energy. Continental Shelf Research. Abstract 2000 Crump B.C. and J.A. Baross. 2000. Archaeaplankton in the Columbia River, its estuary, and the adjacent coastal ocean, USA. FEMS Microbiol Ecol. 1104:1-9. Submitted and In press Baptista, A. M., M. Wilken, P. Pearson, C. McCandlish, D. Jay, B. Beck, S. Das, J. Hunt, P. Barrett. Towards a Nowcast-Forecast System for the Columbia River Estuary. Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Estuarine and Coastal Modeling, Alexandria, VA (in press) Abstract Cudaback, C. N. and D. A. Jay. Lateral force balance and circulation processes at the mouth of the Columbia River estuary. Submitted to Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Sci. Cudaback, C. N., and D. A. Jay. 1999. Vertical Mixing and Estuarine Exchange Transport: I. Observations and a Two-Layer Analysis. Submitted to J. Geophys. Res. Cudaback, C. N., and D. A. Jay. 1999. Vertical Mixing and Estuarine Exchange Transport: II. A Three-Layer Model. Submitted to J. Geophys. Res. Flinchem, E. P. and D. A. Jay. 2000. An introduction to wavelet transform tidal analysis methods. In Press. Coast. Estuar. Shelf Sci. Abstract Geyer, W. R., J. T. Morris, F. G. Prahl and D. A. Jay, and. E. Turner. 1999. The coupling of physics, biogeochemistry and ecology. In Press. Estuarine Science, A Synthetic Approach to Research and Practice, J. E. Hobbie, ed. Island Press. Jay, D. A., W. R. Geyer and D. R. Montgomery. 1999. An ecological perspective on estuarine classification. In press. Estuarine Science, A Synthetic Approach to Research and Practice, J. E. Hobbie (ed.), Island Press. Abstract Kay, D. J. and D. A. Jay. 1999. Interfacial mixing in a highly-stratified estuary. 1: Characteristics of Mixing. Submitted to J. Geophys. Res. Kay, D. J. and D. A. Jay. 1999. Interfacial mixing in a highly-stratified estuary. 2. a "method of constrained differences" approach for the determination of the momentum and mass balances and the energy of mixing. Submitted to J. Geophys. Res. Sullivan, B.E., F.G. Prahl, L.F. Small and P.A. Covert. Seasonal variations in suspended particle and freshwater phytoplankton input to the Columbia River estuary. #SUBMITTING MEDIUM: ftp #FILE FORMATS: File format: comma-delineated ASCII with header; maximum number of records = 912; number of data columns = 12 Code cast-specific code number (see below) Date date in MM/DD/YY format Time Time of day (Pacific Standard Time) Depth depth in meters Salinity salinity Fluor chlorophyll a (mg/m^3) determined by fluorometer (1992 only) AC3chla chlorophyll a (mg/m^3) determined by AC-3 (see below) Chla chlorophyll -a (ug / L), measured Phaeo phaeopigment (ug / L), measured 14CProd primary production (ug C / m^2 / h) DCMU DCMU index POC particulate organic carbon (mg / L) PN particulate nitrogen (mg / L) Explanation of Code: Format of code is: YYBSENN YY first two digits indicate year B letter(s) indicates boundary location or tidal series as follows: U=upstream (beyond salt wedge), D=downstream (below estuarine turbidity maximum), N=neap tide, S=spring tide, SN=spring-neap transition, E= ebb, F=flood, L=long time series, YB=Young’s Bay, CB=Cathlamet Bay S number of sample series at that location/tidal stage E event number (sequence) within that series (an ‘E’ or ‘F’ may follow this number indicating and ebb or flood tide sampling NN two (or three) digits indicate CTD cast number that corresponds to the pump cast * an asterisk after the code indicates CTD data taken from the downcast immediately prior to the pump cast Other data notes: *** the AC-3 unit was used beginning in 1995; data sets from before then do not contain this column The voltage reading from the AC-3 is transformed into a chlorophyll a value using the factory calibration coefficients. The voltage signal is proportional to chlorophyll absorption after light passage through a series of filters contained within the AC-3 unit. *** DCMU index is calculated as: [F(DCMU) - F(INITIAL)] / F(DCMU), where F(DCMU) is the DCMU-enhanced fluorescence of the whole water sample and F(INITIAL) is the fluorescence before DCMU addition. #FILENAMES: 1) 96prod.txt 2) 97aprod.txt 3) 97bprod.txt 4) 97cprod.txt 5) 98aprod.txt #DATASET SIZE: 119 kb #NUMBER OF DATA UNITS: maximum number of records = 912; number of data columns = 12 #MISCELLANEOUS: (for station information, refer to CRETM/LMER web site, station info too extensive for this form - see web site reference under station information)